<p>Mont Giusalet  is a mountain in the Ambin group of the Cottian Alps in Savoie, France, near. the Italian border. The mountain dominates the lower Susa Valley and the town of Susa in Italy, and can even be seen from a large area of the Po Valley.</p><br>
<p>The mountain, although lying on the Alpine watershed between the Val di Susa and the Arc valley, is entirely in French territory following the boundary adjustments decided in the 1947 Treaty of Paris.</p><br>
<p>Mont Giusalet is rocky on its southern slopes and covered by a glacier on its northern one. With the two smaller peaks: Cime de Bard (3,150 m) and Punta della Vecchia (2993 m), it forms a small mountain massif. The mountain looks like a long ridge about a mile long going from east to west with two peaks at either end. On the eastern summit lies an Iron Cross.</p><br>
<p>West Selma Historic District is a national historic district located at Selma, Johnston County, North Carolina. It encompasses 217 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 1 contributing structures in predominantly residential section of Selma. It includes notable examples of Queen Anne, Gothic Revival, Moderne, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture and buildings dating from about 1880 to 1961. Located in the district is the separately listed Nowell-Mayerburg-Oliver House and William E. Smith House. Other notable buildings include the Edgerton Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church , Abdalla House , Dr. Joshua W. Vick House , Stella and William H. Etheridge House , Dr. R. Marvin Blackmon House, Samuel P. Wood House , Janie and C. E. Kornegay House , Selma Presbyterian Church , St. Gabriel’s Episcopal Church/Vernon Wiggs House , and Pepsi Bottling Company .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.</p><br>
<p>Richard B. Harrison School is a historic school complex located at Selma, Johnston County, North Carolina. The complex consists of contains an agricultural building constructed in 1953 with a 1965 bricklaying shop addition; a gymnasium and classroom building built in 1955; a pump house ; and the 1956 elementary school classroom building. Also on the property is a contributing baseball field . The school buildings are all one-story, Modern Movement brick veneer buildings. The complex served the African-American students of Johnston County until the system was integrated in 1970. Harrison School closed in 1987.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, the school was renovated and transformed into the Harrison Center for Active Aging, the largest multipurpose senior center in Johnston County, North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, the Town of Selma received the Ernest B. Messer Award by the NC Deptartment of Health & Human Services for the dedication and renovation of the Harrison Center.</p><br>
<p>The Weißer Stein  is located in the forest of Mürringen, a hamlet of the Büllingen municipality in the Belgian East Cantons. It is the highest point of this village and the second highest point of Belgium. It also lies on the border with the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.</p><br>
<p>German measurements (until 1920 the area belonged to Germany) indicated an altitude of 689 m (NN, German standard) at the nearby located measuring point, and a small higher area surrounded by the 690 meter altitude line. In 2007 the University of Liège executed measurements and found a height of 692 m (TAW, Belgian standard). The altitude meter of Google Earth caused some doubt about Signal de Botrange (694 m TAW) as Belgium&#39;s highest point because its vertical reference EGM96 deviates a couple of meters from the German Normalnull and the Belgian TAW, thereby suggesting an altitude of 701 m for the Weißer Stein. An accurate control by the Belgian National Geographic Institute in 2010 showed the Weißer Stein to be at maximum 693.3 m TAW (=691 m NN), with which it differs by less than 1 m from Signal de Botrange.</p><br>
<p>The Connor-Bovie House is a historic house at 22 Summit Street in Fairfield, Maine. Built 1856&ndash;58, this house is a locally distinctive example of Greek Revival and Italianate styling. It is also significant as the home of William Connor, a prominent regional lumber baron, and as the home of his son Seldon, a general in the American Civil War and three-term Governor of Maine. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Connor-Bovie House is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, three bays wide, with a side gable roof, clapboard siding, and granite foundation. An ell extends to the rear, joined to a structure that probably served once as a carriage house. The bays of the south-facing main facade are delinated by paneled Doric pilasters, and the windows are framed by Italianate molding. The main entrance is sheltered by a portico, supported by paneled Doric columns, with a porch above. Both the main entrance and the doorway to the porch have flanking sidelight windows.</p><br>
<p>The house was built 1856-68 by William Connor, one of the proprietors of the main lumber mill in Fairfield, and a major area landowner. Connor&#39;s son Seldon (1839-1917), served as a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War, and was Governor of Maine 1876-78. The house was sold out of the family in 1939, to William T. Bovie, a surgeon who is credited with invention of the cauterizing "Bovie knife".</p><br>
<p>Nuraghe Fenu is a nuraghe located in the municipality of Pabillonis in Sardinia. It was constructed in the mid-Bronze Age  and it covers an area of 2000 m. Vittorio Angius, a 19th-century historian, described it as one of the biggest nuraghi of Sardinia, akin to nuraghe Saurecci and nuraghe S&#39;Orku.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Nuraghe Fenu is composed of basaltic rocks and it has a multi-lobed structure with only three towers remaining and a height of 1.70 m. In the north, the fortified tower has a wall that is 2 m tall. It is near the train station of Pabillonis in the countryside. In the 19th century, it was used to build a railway bridge and houses near Pabillonis.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>Excavations started in 1996, allowing archaeologists to study the stratigraphy of the ground. The rest of the nuraghe was re-used by Punic and Roman civilization. The five towers of the nuraghe were completely excavated, as was the residential area near tower E. The excavation uncovered fragments of ceramic, oil lamps, and coins of Roman age. They are in the museum of Sardara.</p><br>
<p>Trenton Historic District is a national historic district located at Trenton, Jones County, North Carolina. It encompasses 15 contributing buildings and 1 contributing site in the town of Trenton. It includes notable examples of Italianate, Gothic Revival, and Federal style architecture and buildings largely dating from the mid- to late-19th century. Located in the district is the separately listed Grace Episcopal Church. Other notable buildings include the Grace Episcopal Church Parish House, Jacob Huggins House , Smith House , Kinsey House, Franks House, Henderson House, McDaniel-Dixon House, the United Methodist Church, Trenton Pentecostal Holiness Church, the old jail, and Bank of Jones County .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Bryan–Bell Farm, also known as Oakview Plantation, is a historic plantation house and farm complex and national historic district located near Pollocksville, Jones County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 25 contributing buildings, 2 contributing sites, and 2 contributing structures spread over seven areas. The main house was built about 1844 in the Federal style, and renovated in 1920 in the Classical Revival style. It is a 2 1/2-story, five bay, frame residence with a monumental portico with Corinthian order columns. Among the other contributing resources are the farm landscape, office , seven pack houses , equipment building , storage building , barn , two chicken houses , stable / carriage house , two garages , equipment shed , metal silo , hay barn , two tobacco barns , I-house , a log barn , a small plank building, farm house , and 19th century graveyard.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>Foscue and Simmons Plantations, also known as Foscue Plantation, is a historic plantation house and adjoining farm complexes and national historic district located near Pollocksville, Jones County, North Carolina. The district encompasses seven contributing buildings, four contributing sites, one contributing structure, and one contributing object. The Federal style Foscue Plantation House was built about 1821-1825 and is separately listed. Among the other contributing resources are the farm landscape, Foscue Cemetery , Brick Vault Site , four tobacco barns, Marl Pits/Ponds , Italianate style Simmons Cottage , Simmons Tenant House #1 , Marl Dredger , and bungalow style Christopher Stephens Simmons House .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Reichenspitze is a mountain, in the eastern Zillertal Alps on the border between the Austrian states of Salzburg and Tyrol. It is the highest peak of the range named after it, the Reichenspitze Group, and offers good, all-round views. Its neighbouring peaks, all linked by arêtes, are the 3,263-metre-high Gabler to the northeast, the Richterspitze  to the south and the 3,278-metre-high Wildgerlosspitze to the northwest.</p><br>
<h2>First ascent</h2><br>
<p>The mountain was first ascended in 1856 by a farmer from Prettau in the valley of Tauferer Ahrntal, whose name has been lost. He climbed from the southeast up the east face, a route that, today, is assessed near the summit as climbing grade UIAA III. The first touristic ascent took place on 16 July 1865 by Peter Haller from Gmünd and foresters, Anton Peer and Josef Unterrainer of Schönachtal.</p><br>
<h2>Routes</h2><br>
<p>An ascent of the summit may be launched from the Plauener Hut (2,373 m), the Richter Hut (2,374 m) or the Zittauer Hut (2,328 m).</p><br>
<h2>Literature and maps</h2><br>
<p>Heinrich Klier and Walter Klier: Alpine Club Guide Zillertaler Alpen, Munich, 1990,</p><br>
<p>Alpine Club Map 1:25,000. Sheet 35/3, Zillertaler Alpen, Ost</p><br>
<p>The Bentonville Third Street Historic District is a residential historic district just southeast of the central business district of Bentonville, Arkansas. It covers two blocks of SE Third Street, between Main and B Streets, including fourteen properties on Third Street and adjacent cross streets. This area, developed principally after the arrival in Bentonville of the railroad in 1881, is reflective of the high-style architecture of the late 19th and early 20th centuries that had not previously been widespread in Benton County. All of the houses are one to 2-1/2 stories in height, and all are wood frame, except the Elliott House, a brick house with an eclectic combination of Italianate and Second Empire styles.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Railroad House is a historic home located at Sanford, Lee County, North Carolina. It was built in 1872, and is a 1 1/2-story, three bay, board-and-batten, Gothic Revival style frame cottage. The gable roof has wide overhanging eaves and "rafter brackets." It has a one-story rear wing, a single central interior chimney in the main block, and an exterior end chimney at the rear of the wing. It was built by the Raleigh and Augusta Air Line Railroad for the depot agent. The house was moved to its present site in October 1962, across the street from its original location. The building is operated by the Railroad House Historical Association as a museum.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. It is located in the Downtown Sanford Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Strahlkogel, at, is the highest peak in the Larstiger Mountains , a subgroup of the Stubai Alps in the Austrian state of Tyrol. The Strahlkogel is also the highest mountain in the municipality of Umhausen. Its name comes from its great, white, light-reflecting, quartz layers, which allegedly cause the mountain to "radiate" . It has the shape of a well-proportioned, steep and pointed pyramid. Ascending the Strahlkogel is difficult and it is thus only rarely visited, unlike the neighbouring 3,287-metre-high Breiter Grieskogel. The first ascent of the mountain was in 1833 by Peter Carl Thurwieser, but his route and the precise circumstances of the climb have not been passed on. On 28 August 1887 Ludwig Purtscheller and Fritz Drasch from Salzburg climbed the mountain. Their route led along the west arête. Today, this is the normal route and easiest way to reach the summit.</p><br>
<h2>Area</h2><br>
<p>The Strahlkogel lies a good five kilometres as the crow flies northeast of Längenfeld in the Ötztal valley and 7 km west-southwest of Lüsens in the Lisenstal valley. It is surrounded by glaciers to the east and west. The steep and heavily crevassed Larstigferner to the east reaches a height of up to 3,200 metres, and in the south lies the flatter, but wider Grasstallferner, that reaches a height of 3,100 metres. Its neighbouring peaks are the 3,287-metre-high Breiter Grießkogel on the ice divide between the Grasstallferner and Grießferner glaciers, the Grasstaller Grießkogel (3,160 m) on the prominent Strahlkogel West Arete, and the Larstigspitze (3,173 m) to the east, separated by the Larstigscharte notch (3,032 m).</p><br>
<h2>Start points and paths</h2><br>
<p>The present normal route to the Strahlkogel runs along the West Arete. The start point for an ascent is the village of Niederthai in the Ötztal valley at a height of 1,538 metres above sea level. From there the route runs southwards to the lake of Grasstallsee, then east on the Grasstallferner glacier as a mountain tour (only to be attempted with the right equipment and experience) and along the west arete requiring climbing of UIAA grade II - III sections to the summit. According to the literature the ascent takes about five hours. The Strahlkogel may, however, also be ascended via very difficult climbing routes up the south flank and along the southeast arete. The start point for this approach is the Winnebachsee Hut (2,362 m) above Gries im Sulztal.</p><br>
<h2>Literature and maps</h2><br>
<p>Walter Klier: Alpine Club Guide Stubaier Alpen, Munich, 2006,</p><br>
<p>Eduard Richter: Die Erschließung der Ostalpen, II. Band, Berlin, Verlag des Deutschen und Oesterreichischen Alpenvereins, 1894</p><br>
<p>Alpine Club Map 1:25,000, Sheet 31/2 Stubaier Alpen, Sellrain</p><br>
<p>Downtown Sanford Historic District is a national historic district located at Sanford, Lee County, North Carolina. It encompasses 53 contributing buildings in the central business district of Sanford. The district includes notable examples of Colonial Revival, Tudor Revival and Art Deco style architecture, with buildings largely dated between about 1895 to 1930. Located in the district are the separately listed Railroad House and Temple Theatre. Other notable buildings include the Sanford Buggy Company , McCracken Building , Passenger Depot , City Hall , Coca-Cola Bottling Company , Masonic Lodge , Makepeace Building , Wilrick Hotel , Bowers Building , Cole Pontiac Building , Hubbards Shoe Store , Carolina Hotel , and former U. S. Post Office .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Hawkins Avenue Historic District is a national historic district located at Sanford, Lee County, North Carolina. It encompasses 200 contributing buildings and 4 contributing structures in a predominantly residential section of Sanford. The district includes notable examples of Colonial Revival and Queen Anne style architecture, with buildings largely dated between about 1900 to the 1930s. Located in the district is the separately listed Sanford High School, Former. Other notable buildings include the John McIver House , Duncan E. McIver House , Malcolm D. McNeill House , E.L. Gavin House , First Presbyterian Church of Sanford , First Baptist Church , the former Sanford Cotton Mill complex, and the Liles Bonded Cotton Warehouse .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Hoher Eichham , at, is the most dominant mountain in the southeastern part of the Venediger Group in the High Tauern in Austria. Four arêtes radiate from its summit towards the north, east, south and southwest. To the southeast is the glacier of Nilkees and, to the northeast, is the Hexenkees. The Großer Eichhamkees to the northwest and the Kleiner Eichhamkees to the southwest have shrunk to insignificant slabs of ice. On the North Arête is a rock tower, the Eichhamturm. Along the continuation of the arête lies the Großer Hexenkopf, which is roughly 600 metres as the crow flies from the Hoher Eichham. On the East Arête is the Niederer Eichham . From this subpeak a ridge branches southeast linking it with the Sailkopf; the lowest notch on this arête being the Sailscharte. The Hoher Eichham may have first been climbed during a military survey using triangulation in the 1850s. The first visit to the summit by tourists was on 16 July 1887 by Berlin alpinists, Carl Benzien and Hermann Meynow using the South Arête. They were led by the Zillertal mountain guide, Hans Hörhager, from Dornauberg.</p><br>
<h2>Ascent</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is usually ascended from the Bonn-Matreier Hut. Here, the climber initially heads for the Sailkopf using its normal route, then drops about 130 metres of height along its northwest arête to the Sailscharte. Next the Nilkees is crossed, heading westwards to the Eichhamscharte notch. Alternatively one can start at the Nilljoch Hut heading straight up the Niltal valley to the Nilkees glacier and the Eichhamscharte. From the Eichhamscharte the route now climbs the southern flank up to about 3,200 metres. The climbing route that now follows involves a short, steep section of rock face and a descent into a notch just before the summit block (grade II). The route is very exposed but may be secured by climbing bolts. From the Bonn-Matreier Hut to the top takes about 3½ hours. In crossing the Nilkees, the risk from crevasses is quite low, however, depending on the conditions, crampons and an ice axe may be useful.</p><br>
<p>Robert L. Blalock House is a historic home located at Kinston, Lenoir County, North Carolina. It consists of the original two-story, three bay, double-pile, side-hall-plan Greek Revival style main block dated to the 1850s, and a large, two-story rear ell. It has a one-story gable-roofed wing and a small shed-roofed room north of the rear ell and a complex arrangement of one- and two-story additions and enclosed porches to the south. The house was renovated in the 1920s in the Classical Revival style. It features a full-width front porch supported by groups of square-section brick columns with a round corner pavilion and porte-cochère. It has housed a funeral home since 1947.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Große Möseler , also called the Mösele, is a mountain, and thus the second highest peak in the Zillertal Alps after the Hochfeiler. It lies on the Zillertal main ridge which forms the border here between the Austrian state of Tyrol and the Italian province of South Tyrol. Its great size makes it the dominant mountain in the area. Seen from the northwest it appears like a firn-covered dome; but from the northeast as a regularly shaped cone of rock. Prominent arêtes radiate from the peak to the northwest, east and south. The mountain is easily ascended from the Furtschaglhaus and is often visited as a result. It was first climbed on 16 June 1865 by G. H. Fox, Douglas William Freshfield and Francis Fox Tuckett with mountain guides, François Devouassoud from Chamonix and Peter Michel from Grindelwald, as well as two unknown bearers.</p><br>
<h2>Surrounding area</h2><br>
<p>The Großer Möseler is part of the Zillertal main crest, a dominant mountain chain of peaks over 3,000 metres high. Its neighbouring summits are: the subpeak of Möselekopf (3,390 m) to the south and separated by the Westliche Möselescharte notch; the Breitnock (Dosso Largo, 3,215 m) further along the Southwest Arête and separated by Nöfes Saddle a crossing at 3,029 metres; the 3,188-metre-high Furtschaglspitze on the North Arête; and the 3,304-metre-high Roßruggspitze and the Turnerkamp (Cima di Campo, 3,418 m) to the east, separated by the 3,240-metre-high Östliche Möselescharte ("Eastern Mösele Notch"). The Möseler is surrounded by the glaciated areas of the Schlegeiskees and Furtschaglkees to the west, the Waxeckkees to the north and the West Nevesferner (Westlicher Nevesferner) and East Nevesferner (Östlichen Nevesferner) to the south.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>In the first half of the 19th century, it was believed that the Schwarzenstein was the highest mountain in the Zillertal Alps. But when, in 1858, the Austrian alpine researcher and geographer, Anton von Ruthner, stood on the summit of this mountain, he realized that the Möseler, which he called the Schneeberg, to the west had to be significantly higher. On 12 August 1863, von Ruthner attempted an ascent of the Möseler with two guides from Breitlahner in the Zemmgrund, but in thick fog only reached the Nöfes Saddle, which they initially thought was the Möseler. When, later, the fog lifted, they realized their error. However, they were not the first to have used this well-trodden, ancient crossing. Not until the tour by Englishman, Francis Fox Tuckett on 16 June 1865, with his Swiss mountain guides and local bearers, did someone successfully conquer the mountain. That tour began in South Tyrol&#39;s Lappach in the Lappach valley (now part of the municipality of Muehlwald) at four clock in the morning and headed north to the East Nevesferner. After crossing the glacier, they reached the South Arête of the Möseler in fog, but only got as far as the southern subpeak, the significantly lower Möselekopf. As the fog lifted, they realized that they had not climbed the main peak; instead the highest point appeared to the northeast as a broad rocky summit. Finally, crossing the icy South Arête they reached the Great Möseler after two and a half more hours at 12.30 pm. As the weather cleared, Tuckett now realized that even the tediously conquered Großer Möseler was not the highest mountain in the Zillertal Alps. To the west, an icy summit towered even higher above them. An angle measurement brought unwelcome confirmation: this ice pinnacle, later called the Hochfeiler, had to be the long-sought after, highest point of the mountain range. The mountaineers descended northwards to Schlegeistal valley and at around 9 pm they finally reached the Alpine hut at Breitlahner.</p><br>
<h2>Bases and tours</h2><br>
<p>The present-day western normal route to the Großer Möseler is a combined ice and rock tour (mountain tour) in four hours from the Furtschaglhaus (2,295 m) over the heavily crevassed Furtschaglkees and the West Arête to the summit (according to the literature the icy summit ridge is often underestimated and problematic). Alpine experience and equipment for glacier crossing are essential.</p><br>
<p>The southern normal route (in the late summer heat often clear of ice) takes also about four hours from the Chemnitzer Hut (Rifugio Giovanni Porro at 2,419 m) along the Neves Ridgeway (Neveser Höhenweg) and the scree field of Großer Trog to the top.</p><br>
<p>Another possible ascent is via the Edelraut Hut (Rifugio Passo Ponte di Ghiaccio, 2,545 m) and the Neves Ridgeway.</p><br>
<h2>Literature and maps</h2><br>
<p>Heinrich Klier, Walter Klier: Alpine Club Guide Zillertaler Alpen, Munich, 1996,</p><br>
<p>Alpine Club Map 1:25,000, Sheet 35/1, Zillertaler Alpen West</p><br>
<p>The Criterion Theatre is a historic performance space at 35 Cottage Street in downtown Bar Harbor, Maine. Built in 1932 when Bar Harbor&#39;s summer scene was at its height, it is one of only two Art Deco theaters in the state of Maine. The theatre has in recent years struggled for financial solvency but was in purchased in 2014 by a nonprofit organization. After a major renovation, the theater reopened for business in May 2015. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The theater building occupies 85 ft of frontage on Cottage Street, which houses the theater&#39;s entrance and two storefronts, and directly abuts the adjacent buildings. Its marquee is a typical Art Deco, projecting over the sidewalk in front of the recessed entry. The flanking storefronts originally also had Art Deco style elements, but these have been lost. The building is 154 ft deep, with its front section one story in height, while the rear, housing the auditorium, is two stories. The lobby area of the theater opens to the full width of the building behind the stores. The capacity of the theater is 877 seats in the main floor and balcony. The Art Deco decoration of the interior was executed by D.H. Pickering of Boston, Massachusetts. Backstage spaces include six dressing rooms and equipment for mounting theatrical productions.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Criterion was built in 1932, at a time when Bar Harbor was at its height as a summer resort area catering to the very wealthy. It opened on June 6, 1932, featuring vaudeville performances and movies. During the height of prohibition, the basement of the Criterion was operated as a speakeasy, serving Canadian alcohol smuggled into the United States. Over the years the theater&#39;s fare was reduced to showing films during the summer. A succession of owners broadened its offerings to include live performances, but none were financially successful, and the building has since 2000 suffered from a lack of maintenance and problems with mold.</p><br>
<p>It was purchased in 2014 by a nonprofit organization for $1.2 million, with the goal of rehabilitating the structure. A major renovation was undertaken with the theater reopening in May 2015. The theater currently runs movies, live theater, and music performances year round.</p><br>
<p>The Hathaway Barn is a historic barn at 135 Nortons Corner Road in Willimantic, Maine, a rural community in southern Piscataquis County. Built c. 1880 by Jabez Hathaway, this large barn was an optimistic expression of the future prospects of the dairy industry in the area, which were ultimately not borne out. The barn is part of a farmstead complex whose other elements have not maintained historical integrity; it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Hathaway Barn is a bank barn, set on the west side of Nortons Corner Road, as part of a farmstead located just north of Hathaway Brook. The main house, a typical rural New England connected farmhouse, was built c. 1857 by Jabez Hathaway, who established a 140 acre farm. The farmhouse, along with its ell and small barn, has been significantly modified, including conversion into two apartments, and no longer has historical integrity. The large barn is estimated, based on construction techniques and materials, to date to about 1880, and was apparently built by Hathaway in anticipation of increased demand for dairy products, occasioned by a boom demand for cheese and butter in Maine markets in the 1870s. The barn is similar in plan to one built at the University of Maine at Orono in 1873 (no longer extant), and was apparently promoted by the state as an ideal dairy barn.</p><br>
<p>The barn is an 80 x timber frame structure, set on a high granite foundation, and faces roughly northeast. A retaining wall on the east side further supports the barn as the ground drops away to the south, providing ground-level access to the basement. The building is at the northwest to a carriage barn, whose gable runs perpendicular to that of the barn, and with their facades roughly flush. This extended facade has three sliding barn door entrances and one personnel entry. At the rear there is a hinged door providing access to the basement; a ramp that once provided access to the main floor has been removed. The gabled roof is metal, topped by a square gable-roofed cupola. The building is framed with large timbers fastened by pegs, and smaller structural elements are fastened with wire nails, a clue to the building&#39;s construction date. The framing method is also similar to local innovations in the 1880 construction of a mill complex to provide larger open spaces inside the structure.</p><br>
<p>The Hoher Sonnblick  is a glaciated mountain, high, on the main Alpine chain in the Goldberg Group on the border between the Austrian states of Carinthia and Salzburg. At its summit is the Sonnblick Observatory and the Alpine refuge hut of Zittelhaus.</p><br>
<h2>Location and area</h2><br>
<p>The mountain rises at the head of the Hüttwinkltal valley, the upper part of the Raurisertal, on the Alpine divide. It is a mighty massif with a characteristic rock pyramid on the summit block and a great North Face above Kolm-Saigurn. The highest summit of the Goldberg Group is not the Hoher Sonnblick, however, but the 3,254-metre-high Hocharn to the north.</p><br>
<p>On the steep summit, at a height of 3,106 metres, is a meteorological observatory, the Sonnblick Observatory, and an Alpine refuge hut, the Zittelhaus (also written Zittlhaus). At a height of 2,718 metres is the Rojacher Hut and at 2,175 metres is the Schutzhaus Neubau. Both huts are managed during the summer months.</p><br>
<p>On 1 January 1905, a temperature of −37.4 °C was recorded at the summit, the lowest temperature recorded in Austria at that time.</p><br>
<p>In the area of the Sonnblick there are historical gold mines, which gave their name to the mountain range around the Sonnblick, the Goldberg Group. On the mountainsides still stand the ruins of the gold diggings, Kulm-Saigurn is an ancient mountain mining settlement. At the foot of the Sonnblick you can still successfully pan for gold – albeit less productively than the historical mines which played a key role in the wealth of the Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg.</p><br>
<h2>Routes</h2><br>
<p>Kolm-Saigurn – Neubau – Rojacher Hütte – Hoher Sonnblick, 4–5 hrs, 1,500 metres climb</p><br>
<p>Heiligenblut – Fleißkehre – Gasthof "Alter Pocher" (, end of the public road) – Zirmsee – Kleinfleißkees – Hoher Sonnblick, 5–6 h (4–5 h ab „Alter Pocher“), 1,800 metres climb. No refuge huts between "Alter Pocher" and the Sonnblick.</p><br>
<h2>Literature and maps</h2><br>
<p>Liselotte Buchenauer, Peter Holl: Alpine Club Guide Ankogel- und Goldberggruppe. Bergverlag Rudolf Rother, Munich, 1986.</p><br>
<p>Ingeborg Auer, Reinhard Böhm, Martin Leymüller, Wolfgang Schöner: Das Klima des Sonnblicks – Klimaatlas und Klimatographie der GAW-Station Sonnblick einschließlich der umgebenden Gebirgsregion, ZAMG, Vienna, 2002, ISSN 1016-6254.</p><br>
<p>Alpine Club Map Sheet 42, 1:25,000 series, Sonnblick</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The Central Springfield Historic District is a 12 acre historic district in downtown Springfield. The district encompasses Springfields oldest commercial district and is centered on the Old State Capitol. While the area was platted in 1822, only two buildings in the district predate the 1850s: the Old State Capitol and the Lincoln-Herndon Law Offices, both built in 1837. The majority of the districts buildings were constructed during Springfield&#39;s population boom in the 1860s and its subsequent growth in the latter half of the 19th century. These buildings included hotels, drug stores, groceries, clothing stores, and dry goods stores; some of the stores built in this period are still in operation. The businesses are also significant examples of 19th-century brick commercial architecture, including the Romanesque Pierick-Sommer Building and several works by prominent Springfield architects Helmle & Helmle.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 29, 1978. A boundary extension in 1986 added seven more buildings to the district.</p><br>
<p>Queen–Gordon Streets Historic District is a national historic district located at Kinston, Lenoir County, North Carolina. It encompasses 20 contributing buildings in a mixed commercial and industrial section of Kinston. The buildings include notable examples of Classical Revival, Beaux-Arts, and Romanesque style architecture and date between 1895 and the mid-1930s. Notable buildings include the Gordon Street Christian Church ,  U. S. Post Office/Federal Building , Citizens / First National Bank Building ,  Farmers and Merchants Bank , Canady Building , and the LaRoque and Hewitt Building .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. The Kinston Commercial Historic District is considered a boundary increase to the Queen–Gordon Streets Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Stony Man Mountain, also known as Stony Man, is a mountain in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia and is the most northerly 4,000 foot peak in the Blue Ridge Mountains. Its maximum elevation is 4,011 feet or 1,223 meters above sea level with a clean prominence of 651 feet. The mountain is co-located in Madison and Page counties and is easily accessed from Skyline Drive by hiking trails. Along with Hawksbill Mountain , it is only one of two peaks in the park higher than 4,000 feet. The shortest route to the summit is from the Skyland Resort and gains less than 400 vertical feet in about 1 kilometer. A longer, more challenging, route is from the Skyline Drive trail head at about milepost 39 of the Skyline Drive and gains almost 800 feet. The peak sits just southeast of the Appalachian Trail  but the summit is accessible from the AT by previously mentioned spur trails. On the upper slopes of Stony Man one can see a few balsam fir trees which typically grow in more northerly latitudes. The mountain is composed of ancient basalt which was metamorphosed into Greenstone through heat and pressure.</p><br>
<p>Zow Tlang is a mountain on the Bangladesh–Myanmar border.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>In the Bawm language, Zow means Mizo, a term derived from Mizoram, India. This is probably due to the fact that Bangladesh was a part of greater India before 1947. Tlang means mountain. According to American and Russian topographic maps Zow Tlang is mentioned as Mowdok Mual. As per Bangla Trek, it is the second highest peak of the country; though it is not officially recognized by the government. Many local adventurers describe this as one of the wildest peaks of Bangladesh.</p><br>
<p>The peak was first summitted in 2005 by Bangladeshi adventurers Subrata Das Nitish and Bijoy Shankar Kar. The same team repeated the feat in 2007. The altitude couldnt be measured in these two expeditions as the team wasnt carrying a GPS device. On January 12, 2012, the peak was summitted for the third time by Bangla Trek team members Tashdid Rezwan Mugdho, Tarikul Alom Sujon, Salehin Arshady and S.M. Mainul. They precisely measured altitude and location. Two of the team members, Mugdho and Sujon died in a bus crash on their return to Bandarban. The other two members, Salehin and Mainul suffered serious injuries.</p><br>
<p>On October 13, 2013, a team led by Shahzaman Chowdhury Hira became the third team to summit the peak. This team had 6 members - Sharfaraj Hussain Jony, Sidratul Afia Mohona, Mahbubur Rahman, Abdullah Anas Oni and Baqui Billah Milon. One member of this team was the first woman to summit this peak. Several other teams summitted thereafter.</p><br>
<p>The Discovery Claim on Pedro Creek is a historic gold mining site in central Alaska. It is located at mile 16.5 of the Steese Highway, northeast of Fairbanks. It is a 19 acre site on what is now called Pedro Creek, that was where Felix Pedro made the first major discovery of gold in the area on July 22, 1902. His discovery drew large numbers of gold prospectors to the area, and led to the establishment of Fairbanks as a major community in Alaska. Most of the claim site is located south of the highway, which crosses one corner. There is a commemorative marker placed at the side of the highway in 1952. The claim is now owned by the Pioneers of Alaska Igloo #4; there is no substantial evidence of the mining activities that took place there.</p><br>
<p>The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The Dix Family Stable is an unusual residential outbuilding  on Stable Lane in Bass Harbor, Maine. This architecturally distinctive former carriage barn was probably built in the 1890s, and is demonstrably based on a pattern published in Shoppell&#39;s Modern Houses, an architectural pattern book. Outbuildings constructed from such patterns are extremely rare, and this one is in excellent condition. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The construction history of this particular building is not very well known. The property was acquired in 1881 by Almira T. Dix from her father in 1881, with an additional acre added in 1892. The building is assumed to have been built around this time, along with the Dixes elaborate residence, which has not survived. Its builder is unknown, but it is clearly based on pattern 589 in Shoppells Modern Houses, published in 1889. Although the practice of building from mail-order pattern books like this one was widespread, surviving instances of outbuildings with a documented connection to them are extremely rare. The building was moved about 50 ft onto a new concrete foundation in the late 1980s.</p><br>
<p>The building is a roughly square wood frame structure, two stories in height. It has an unusual roof line, with its main ridge line running from side to side, with clipped ends. The front facade has a large pent gable with a smaller projecting section at the top, and there is a rear hip-roof projection. A gable-roofed ventilator crowns the main ridge line. The building is sheathed with clapboards on the first floor, and with weathered shingles above. The main facade has a track-mounted vehicle entry door at the center, flanked on each side by twelve-pane fixed windows. At the second level, which is separated from the first by a flaring of the siding, is a double door above the vehicle entry, flanked by small six-pane windows. This is sheltered by a triangular projecting gable. The shingling on this facade is scallop-cut. The interior was originally designed to house carriages and provide stabling for one or two horses. The downstairs walls were finished with wainscoting, while the upper loft area was unfinished.</p><br>
<p>The Jean-Baptiste Daigle House is a historic house at 4 Dubé Street in Fort Kent, Maine. Built c. 1840, it is a rare surviving example of an Acadian log house, and the only one known to be near its original location. It was built by one of a father-son pair, each named Jean-Baptiste Daigle, and moved a short distance about 20 years after its construction. It is now covered by weatherboard siding, obscuring its log structure. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Daigle House is a rectangular structure, 1-1/2 stories in height, set at the northeast corner of Dubé Street and East Main Street (United States Route 1) in Fort Kent. Its exterior is finished in Masonite siding, and it has a side-gable roof with a single brick chimney projecting near the center of the roofline. The front (west-facing) facade is symmetrical, with a center entry flanked by pairs of sash windows. The entry is sheltered by a gable-roofed porch. The side walls have two windows on each level, and a louver in the attic. The rear has a small projecting gable-roof ell, and the back door is an original thick batten door.</p><br>
<p>The interior generally follows a central hall plan, providing access to four rooms on the first floor and stairs to the second floor. The second floor has a single bedroom on the south side, and a large unfinished open area to the north, in which the house&#39;s log construction is exposed. Interior finishes vary, but notably include original wide pine flooring and exposed log structure in the downstairs northwest room.</p><br>
<p>The construction method used to build the house is a traditional Acadian piece sur piece method, in which sawn logs are place one atop the other, set in a post-and-beam frame which supports the roof. This method is distinct from other construction methods seen in the region, including those used by early English settlers and later 19th-century Swedish immigrants.</p><br>
<p>The place where the Daigles owned their land was in territory disputed between Massachusetts (which Maine was part of prior to its 1820 statehood) and New Brunswick. This dispute was resolved with the 1842 Webster-Ashburton Treaty, which established the Saint John River as the border in the Fort Kent area. The Daigles had owned land in this area since at least 1790, when they were given a British grant. Various records ascribe different construction dates to this house, ranging from 1839 to 1844, the latter being the year of the younger Jean-Baptistes marriage. The house remained in the hands of Daigles descendants until 2007, when it was transferred to the Fort Kent Historical Society. The society is preparing the house for use as a museum.</p><br>
<p>The Aiguille de Tré-la-Tête is a mountain in the south of the Mont Blanc massif. Its highest point, the central southeast pinnacle, is 3,930 m above sea level and is located in Italy. Only the northwest pinnacle is situated on the border with France. It forms a chain with the Dômes de Miage.</p><br>
<p>It comprises four summits:</p><br>
<p>l&#39;aiguille Nord or Tête Blanche (3,892 m); north top</p><br>
<p>l&#39;aiguille centrale Nord-Ouest (3,846 m); central northwest top</p><br>
<p>l&#39;aiguille centrale Sud-Est (highest point, 3,930 m); central southeast top</p><br>
<p>l&#39;aiguille orientale (3,895 m); east top.</p><br>
<p>The western slope of the mountain is part of the Contamines-Montjoie Nature Reserve</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In September 2007, the body of a young mountaineer, who had died in 1954, was discovered on the glacier. It was found by a hiker at an elevation of 2,500 metres below a mountain trail. After investigation, it was ascertained to be a 24-year-old man who had disappeared on 4 August 1954 with his 21-year-old brother and 16-year-old sister, returning from climbing the ascent Aiguille de la Lex Blanche (3,697 m) The bodies of two younger people were found two kilometres above the foot of the glacier face.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Isla Coronados, is an island in the Gulf of California east of the Baja California Peninsula in Baja California Sur state, Mexico. The island is uninhabited and is part of the Loreto Municipality.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<h3>Reptilian life</h3><br>
<p>Isla Coronados has 16 species of reptiles, including Aspidoscelis hyperythra (orange-throated whiptail), Aspidoscelis tigris (tiger whiptail), Callisaurus draconoides (zebra-tailed lizard), Coleonyx variegatus (western banded gecko), Coluber fuliginosus (Baja California coachwhip), Crotalus enyo (Baja California rattlesnake), Crotalus ruber (red diamond rattlesnake), Dipsosaurus dorsalis (desert iguana), Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha (coast night snake), Hypsiglena slevini (Baja California night snake), Phyllodactylus nocticolus (peninsular leaf-toed gecko), Sauromalus slevini (Slevin&#39;s chuckwalla), Sceloporus orcutti (granite spiny lizard), Sceloporus zosteromus (Baja California spiny lizard), Urosaurus nigricaudus (black-tailed brush lizard), and Uta stansburiana (common side-blotched lizard).</p><br>
<p>Wickham Park Air Raid Shelters are heritage-listed former air raid shelters in Wickham Park at 330 Wickham Terrace, Spring Hill, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Frank Gibson Costello and built by Brisbane City Council. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 April 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Brisbane City Council built the concrete shelters at Wickham Park as air raid shelters in 1942.</p><br>
<p>On 7 December 1941, the United States of America entered World War Two following the bombing of the American fleet at Pearl Harbour in Hawaii by Japanese carrier-borne aircraft. England and its Commonwealth had been at war with Germany since September 1939, but now the war was truly global. The Japanese first bombed Darwin on 19 February 1942 and 14,000 Australians were taken prisoner following the fall of Singapore. Plans to defend Australia from an anticipated Japanese invasion and to use Queensland as a support base for the conduct of the Pacific war were implemented quickly. Australian and American personnel poured into Queensland and urgently required a wide range of new buildings and facilities.</p><br>
<p>The population of Brisbane swelled dramatically. As it was the major city in Queensland, and the most northerly major population centre in Australia, military planning headquarters were set up in Brisbane, as were a number of important maintenance, communication, and supply facilities. General Douglas MacArthur, Commander in Chief of the Allied Forces, Southwest Pacific, was based in the AMP building at the corner of Queen Street and Edward Street in Brisbane, and General Sir Thomas Blamey, Commander in Chief of the Australian Forces, used the recently constructed University of Queensland buildings at St Lucia. Brisbane was obviously a strategic target for bombing, and rapid action had to be taken to protect the population in the event of air raids.</p><br>
<p>The demand on materials, services and labour was enormous and military projects took precedence in their allocation. Heavy Anti-Aircraft batteries were built at Victoria Park, Hendra, Pinkenba, Fort Lytton, Hemmant and Balmoral, and coastal artillery batteries were established on Bribie and Moreton Islands. Before the war, Queensland had a small population and no heavy manufacturing industries. To help overcome these problems, some buildings were prefabricated and standard designs for many structures were used. Designs took into account the scarcity of skilled labour and of some materials.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane City Council took responsibility for Air Raid Precautions activities, including establishing an Air Raid Warden system, firefighting systems and constructing air raid shelters. Aboveground salt water pipes were laid along city streets to aid in firefighting. On Christmas Eve, 1941, each Australian State&#39;s Emergency Committee issued instructions for government, private employers and private households to immediately start building shelters. Slit trenches were built in parks and schoolyards, windows were taped, and brownouts were applied to buildings.</p><br>
<p>In the Protection of Persons and Property Order No.1, gazetted 23 December 1941, Premier William Forgan Smith, with powers conferred by Regulation 35a, National Security (General) Regulations, ordered the Brisbane City Council to construct 200 public surface shelters in the city area. Work had already started on 15 December, and later another 75 shelters were ordered. However, only 235 air raid shelters were constructed, the building programme being 90% complete by June 1942. In addition, around three kilometres of covered trenches were constructed in public parks, in 13 projects, including 315 metres of concrete-pipe covered trench in the Botanic Gardens, and 150m of the same in Victoria Park. It was believed that one person could be accommodated by each foot of trench. In addition to the public shelters, the Brisbane City Council also constructed shelters for leased wharves and council properties, including at the Stanley Wharf, Circular Quay Wharves 2,3 and 4, Norman Wharf, and Musgrave Wharf. Shelters were built under the Story Bridge, for Kangaroo Point shipbuilding workers, and five shelters were constructed on behalf of the Bureau of Industry at the Howard Smith Wharves.</p><br>
<p>The Protection of Persons and Property Order No.1 was applied statewide, and outside Brisbane another 24 Local Authorities in Queenslands coastal areas were ordered to produce surface or trench shelters for the public, to be built according to the Air Raid Shelter Code laid down in the Second Schedule of Order No.1. Initially, 20 of the Local Authorities were expected to construct a minimum total of 133 surface shelters, which were supposed to be able to withstand the blast of a 500-pound bomb bursting 50 feet away. Four other Local Authorities would only build trenches. However, after plans were amended, 23 Local Authorities outside Brisbane, excluding Thursday Island, ended up possessing a total of 129 public shelters: 123 surface and six underground. This effort had cost £56,596. Where Local Authorities were unwilling or unable to build the required number of code-compliant shelters, in some cases because they had already begun erecting other shelters, the Department of Public Works became responsible for the shelters construction. However, this led to problems when the Department tried to recoup half of the cost from the Local Authorities in question. Townsville, Toowoomba, Gladstone, and Ayr denied any liability for costs, and a Bill had to be passed in December 1942 to force their compliance. The Ayr Shire Council had claimed that the shelters would be death traps during an air raid.</p><br>
<p>Of the 235 surface shelters built in Brisbane for the public, 21 survive and are still owned by the Brisbane City Council. One of the shelters, on Queens Wharf Road, is a site-specific "special" variation of the standard pillbox design. It is listed in the Queensland Heritage Register as part of the entry for the porphyry retaining wall on William Street. The other 20 public shelters owned by the Brisbane City Council can be divided into three types of pillbox intended for conversion after the war: "park", "bus", and "bus (stone)". They were designed to serve as structures such as bus waiting shelters or shade structures for parks, with some or all of the perimeter blast walls to be removed, leaving the concrete slab roof, floor slab and piers. The reusable pillboxes were designed to hold 70 people, as were the non- reusable standard pillboxes.</p><br>
<p>F.G. Costello, Brisbane City Council City Architect between 1941 and 1952, was responsible for the design of the surface air raid shelters, and his variants of the standard pillbox were designed to provide a post-war utility for at least part of the Council&#39;s shelter building programme. In an address delivered to the Constitutional Club in Brisbane on February 1942, Costello noted that "if the emergency for their use does not arise...(unused shelters)... remain in brick and concrete, in many cases having no further value and being a possible source of nuisance. He added that I can assure you that wherever it is possible, without sacrificing the primary requirements of shelter from air attack, I have endeavoured in our Council buildings to so plan the shelters that they will fit into schemes of improvement which we hope will proceed immediately after the war".</p><br>
<p>Costello&#39;s work was characterised by the use of an architectural language inspired by the modern movement in architecture. This movement pursued the rational use of modern materials and principles of functionalist planning and established a visual aesthetic largely inspired by the machine. It was part of an architecture employing the language of vertical and horizontal volumes and planes, floating flat roofs, masses set against voids and monumentality. Though modest in scale and form, the design of the shelters is characteristic of work in this idiom. The reusable shelters were often sited under fig trees, to aid in camouflage.</p><br>
<p>The first of Costellos reusable designs is the pillbox with double- cantilevered roof slab, or "park" type shelter. In an original list of all the shelters constructed by the Brisbane City Council, these were simply labelled as "cantilever". They had four central piers supporting the roof slab, which allowed for the removal of the four blast walls after the war. There was an entrance at each end of the front wall, where an internal wall extended into the shelter. If the walls were made of brick, the shelters dimension was 409" by 133" by 86" high, and if concrete was used the dimensions were 40 by 126" by 86" high. The difference was due to the fact that the brick walls finished in line with the top of the roof slab, covering the fascia, whereas the concrete walls finished at the soffit of the roof slab, flush with the fascia. The minimum wall thickness for brick was set at 13.5", and 12" for concrete. The roof slab was intended to have at least four inches of concrete.</p><br>
<p>Of the 37 reusable shelters listed as being of the park type only 17 survive: one at Hefferan Park in Annerley; two at Albert Park; two at Wickham Park; one in Buranda Playground in Woolloongabba; two in Raymond Park in Kangaroo Point; and one each at Kelvin Grove, Morningside, Nundah, Stones Corner, and Windsor. Four other shelters stand on East Street and Wickham Street in Fortitude Valley. Most are used as simple park shelters, as intended, but the shelter at Nundah has been modified as a toilet block, and the shelter at Kelvin Grove is used as a bus shelter (as distinct from those shelters in the next category, which were specifically designed as "bus" type shelters). About half of the surviving park shelters had concrete blast walls, while half used brick.</p><br>
<p>The second design was the pillbox with single-cantilevered roof slab, or "bus" type shelter, as it was called in the original Brisbane City Council list. These were designed so that the three brick blast walls could be removed after the war, leaving a concrete back wall and five brick piers at the front. Again, entrances were at each end of the front wall. Of the 19 "bus" types listed only two survive, at Newmarket and Newstead.</p><br>
<p>The third design was also a "bus" type shelter, but it was built with a stone rear wall, instead of concrete, and six stone piers were later added, instead of five brick piers. The three brick blast walls could be removed as normal. Two of these "colonnade" types were built—referred to in the Brisbane City Council list as "bus (stone)"—and only one survives, at King Edward Park.</p><br>
<p>Most of the Brisbane structures built for the war were removed at the end of World War Two. The saltwater mains, slit trenches, and sirens disappeared, as did the many standard pillboxes that had stood in the middle of the streets of the Central Business District. 156 standard pillboxes were built, but none of the surviving public shelters in Brisbane City Council ownership are of that design. Of the 21 special shelters, only the one on Queens Wharf Road survives. However, of Costellos 58 reusable public surface shelters, 20 have survived; the removal of their blast walls, as planned, had given them a renewed purpose. The workers shelters at the Story Bridge Hotel and Howard Smith Wharves also still exist.</p><br>
<p>The blast walls of the air raid shelters in Wickham Park were removed according to plan after World War Two, although evidence of the location of the walls is still visible.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Wickham Park air raid shelters are rectangular concrete structures comprising a heavy floor slab and a flat roof supported by four concrete piers. The shelters stand to the treed edge of Wickham Park, overlooking the Roma Street Railway Yards, and remain unaltered. They are overhung by mature fig trees. They are unpainted, and evidence of their entrances towards Wickham Terrace is visible on both floor slabs.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Wickham Park Air Raid Shelters was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 April 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Wickham Park air raid shelters are important as a part of the Air Raid Precaution activities that were implemented for the defence of Brisbane during World War Two. Designed to afford protection to the civilian population of Brisbane in the event of air raid attacks or other emergencies, the air raid shelters located in Wickham Park are important in demonstrating the impact of World War Two on the civilian population of Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Although many air raid shelters were constructed during World War Two in Queensland, comparatively few survive. Also, there are not many types of structures built by the Brisbane City Council during World War Two, for wartime purposes, which survive.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The shelters&#39; solid construction, rectangular shape, and their siting near a population concentration, demonstrate the principal characteristics of World War Two Brisbane public air raid shelters.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The Wickham Park air raid shelters, now used as shade structures, demonstrate the secondary uses that were part of the original design intention. The shelters are durable examples of innovative design and use of concrete technology during World War Two.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The air raid shelter is important as an example of the wartime work of the City Architect&#39;s Office and particularly the work of City Architect F.G. Costello.</p><br>
<p>Bulimba Reach is a reach of the Brisbane River in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Bulimba Reach flows from south (upstream) to north (downstream). The suburbs of Hawthorne and Bulimba are on its eastern bank. The suburbs of New Farm, Teneriffe and Newstead lie to the west. Breakfast Creek joins the Brisbane River from the north-east at the northern end of Bulimba Reach.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Bulimba Branch railway line was built in 1897 to support the wharves and industries located on the western bank of the Bulimba Reach in Newstead, Teneriffe and New Farm.</p><br>
<p>Former wharves in the Bulimba Reach include:</p><br>
<p>Brisbane Stevedoring Company wharf (western bank)</p><br>
<p>Dalgety&#39;s Wharf (western bank)</p><br>
<p>Mercantile Wharf (western bank)</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>There are three ferry terminals on Bulimba Reach (from upstream to downstream):</p><br>
<p>Hawthorne ferry wharf (eastern bank)</p><br>
<p>Teneriffe ferry wharf (western bank)</p><br>
<p>Bulimba ferry wharf (eastern bank)</p><br>
<p>The CityCat services all of these ferry terminals. A cross-river ferry service also operates between Bulimba and Hawthorne ferry wharves.</p><br>
<p>All these wharves are on the CityCat route along the Brisbane River.</p><br>
<h2>Landmarks</h2><br>
<p>There are many landmarks along the Bulimba Reach, including (from upstream to downstream):</p><br>
<p>the heritage-listed Brisbane Powerhouse, New Farm (western bank)</p><br>
<p>Lourdes Hill College, Hawthorne (eastern bank)</p><br>
<p>the heritage-listed former CSR Refinery, New Farm (western bank)</p><br>
<p>the heritage-listed house Amity, New Farm (western bank)</p><br>
<p>the heritage-listed Australian Estates No. 2 Store, Teneriffe (western bank)</p><br>
<p>the heritage-listed Hawthorne ferry wharf, Hawthorne (eastern bank)</p><br>
<p>the heritage-listed former Mactaggarts Woolstore, Teneriffe (eastern bank)</p><br>
<p>the heritage-listed Newstead Air Raid Shelter (western bank)</p><br>
<p>the heritage-listed Bulimba ferry wharf (eastern bank)</p><br>
<p>the heritage-listed Newstead House within Newstead Park (western bank)</p><br>
<p>Historically there were many wharves in the Teneriffe area and there remain a large number of associated warehouses on Macquarie Street which faced the river along the Bulimba Reach. However, urban renewal projects have replaced the wharves with residential apartments and those warehouses are now separated from the river. Similarly on the western bank, the heritage-listed Bulimba House once occupied all the land down to the riverfront at the Bulimba Reach, but subdivision of the estate over the years has resulted in Bulimba House no longer being a riverbank property.</p><br>
<p>Tahtalı Dağı, also known as Lycian Olympus, is a mountain near Kemer, a seaside resort on the Turkish Riviera in Antalya Province, Turkey. It was known as Olympus  and Phoenicus  in ancient times. It is part of the Beydağları Coastal National Park. Visitors can ascend the summit with the Olympos Aerial Tram. The Lycian Way long distance trail traverses the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Tahtalı Dağı lies on the east coast of the Teke Peninsula (Lycian Peninsula) and dominates the landscape around Kemer. Can booked between Antalya and Finike to him as dominant peaks of the mountain range Bey Dağları (Turkish: Bey Mountains) see a part of the way through the south of the Turkey withdrawing Taurus Mountains. Its close proximity to the coast of the Mediterranean Sea makes it far visible to mariners. It is the highest mountain in the Natural Park of Olympos - Beydağları - Milli Park. From November to often into June, the summit is covered with ice and snow. In the spring of this snow layer is often reddish brown colored by Sahara winds, while it is often not seen in the summer because of the clouds. The vegetation-free zone starts at about 1900 meters height.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In ancient times the mountain was called Olympos, the home of the gods, a name it shares with many other high mountains. The ruins of the ancient city of Phaselis lie at the foot of Tahtalı.</p><br>
<p>Today&#39;s Turkish name could derive from tahta (Turkish: wooden panel, wooden board), but more likely it derives from the Turkish taht ("throne" in Turkish, referring to Olympos as the throne of the Gods).</p><br>
<h2>Funicular Olympos Teleferik</h2><br>
<p>The cable car Olympos Teleferik, a Turkish- Swiss Cooperation, travels since the 16 June 2007 summit of Tahtalı on. Your potential through a street station situated approximately 10 km from Tekirova or Çamyuva at a height of on the eastern slope of the mountain. With a length of 4350 m, the Olympos Teleferik is indeed one of the longer aerial tramways, but, unlike on the operator&#39;s website claims no means the longest cable car in the world. It was built to ride to the Doppelmayr / Garaventa Group, one of the leading companies for the design and manufacture of cable cars.</p><br>
<p>First a material ropeway was built for the construction of the cable car. This approximately 3700 cubic meters of concrete, 4,500 cubic meters of water, 420 tons of steel and 8,600 tonnes of gravel to the top station and the Streckenbauten were transported.</p><br>
<p>The two each 80 persons which cabins overcome the height difference of 1639 m in 10 minutes. Go to two supporting cables with a diameter of 51 mm and are pulled by a cord with a diameter of 38 mm. The cable route runs over four cable car tower n With a maximum speed of 10 m/s (36 km/h) reaches the aerial tramway a capacity of 470 people per hour. The engine develops 1000 kW.</p><br>
<p>Monier Ventilation Shaft 1 is a heritage-listed ventilation shaft at 500 Wickham Terrace, Spring Hill, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Joseph Monier and built. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 August 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Monier Ventilation Shafts are thought to have been constructed, as part of a system of ventilation shafts (either concrete or steel/iron) located at intervals along some of Brisbane&#39;s inner city arterial stormwater drains. Three concrete shafts survive (of at least five erected) and may be the first pre-cast reinforced concrete structures in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The Wickham Terrace shaft, on the footpath at the eastern end of Albert Park, opposite Twine Street, was one of a pair, the other having been erected just inside the park, opposite Lilley Street, but since removed. A concrete shaft of identical dimensions exists on the footpath of St Pauls Terrace, opposite Gloucester Street. Both the Wickham Terrace and St Pauls Terrace shafts appear to have been associated with the first Spring Hill stormwater drainage system, laid in the 1880s. A third shaft (Monier Ventilation Shaft 3), of similar but smaller dimensions, exists on the footpath near the former Queensland Primary Producers&#39; Woolstore No. 8, in Florence Street, Teneriffe. Stormwater drains were laid in Florence and Ethel streets in mid-1904, and the concrete ventilation shaft at the east end of the Florence Street drain may have been constructed shortly afterwards.</p><br>
<p>In the 19th century, the distinction between drainage and sewerage was not well defined. Drains were described as sewers and they received a combination of sullage, roof and surface run-off. They relied on rainwater for flushing, and discharged to the nearest watercourse.</p><br>
<p>When Brisbane acquired municipal status in late 1859, there was no system of drainage or sewerage in the town. Most people dumped refuse in the creeks and channels, trusting that stormwater would carry it away to the river, and for some years the Municipal Council considered drainage and sewerage as one and the same thing. However, from about 1868 the Council adopted the policy of "rainfall to the river" and "sewerage to the land", developing a city drainage scheme to carry off stormwater and an earth closet sanitary service.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane Drainage Act of 1875, under which the colonial government agreed to set aside crown land for sale to finance Brisbanes drainage scheme, provided the impetus for construction of Brisbanes early arterial stormwater drains. The systems were designed by the colonial government&#39;s Engineer for Harbours and Rivers, William David Nisbet, and carried out by government contractors under government supervision. Upon completion they became the property and responsibility of the Brisbane Municipal Council, which was responsible also for laying branch drains.</p><br>
<p>By 1878, the inner city was drained by three separate systems:</p><br>
<p>the Frog&#39;s Hollow system - a main drain down Albert and Margaret Streets with branches laid by the Brisbane Municipal Council</p><br>
<p>the Adelaide Street-Creek Street system, which drained the centre of the town from Makerston Street to Queen Street and the lower sections of Elizabeth and Charlotte Streets</p><br>
<p>the Makerston Street system, which served the area between Makerston Street and Petrie Terrace, and between Wickham Terrace and College Road and the Brisbane River</p><br>
<p>Between 1879 and 1886 the Brisbane Municipal Council, with government loans, developed an arterial drainage system for the densely populated suburbs of Spring Hill and Fortitude Valley (even though Fortitude Valley then lay outside the Brisbane town boundary). Much of this work comprised open drains, which were covered in the late 1890s. South Brisbane and Kangaroo Point drainage systems were constructed in 1885-86. In the late 1880s, the Brisbane Municipal Council drained parts of New Farm, and a drainage system for Petrie Terrace, begun in 1883, was completed in the late 1880s. By 1890, the Brisbane Municipal Council had completed an arterial drainage scheme for the city core, at a total cost of nearly £130,000.</p><br>
<p>The densely populated Booroodabin Division was annexed to the Municipality of Brisbane in 1903, and in 1908 a loan was secured to enable the Council to complete the drainage of Merthyr, New Farm, Teneriffe, Bowen Hills, Mayne and Newstead by the end of 1909.</p><br>
<p>Without a proper sewerage system, Brisbane residents still tended to dispose of household and trade waste into the stormwater drainage systems. This led to the chronic pollution of local creeks, and foul smells emanating from the stormwater drains. Prior to bacterial theory being widely accepted, such miasma was thought to cause disease.</p><br>
<p>The situation was compounded in 1900 with the arrival of bubonic plague in Australia, carried by rats aboard ships arriving from foreign ports. The first case of human plague in Sydney was reported in January 1900, and in Brisbane (a day and a half away by steamer) on 27 April 1900. Between 1900 and 1909, plague broke out in most of Queensland&#39;s ports, galvanising the State into developing tighter controls over public health and sanitation.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, the Commissioner of Public Health, using the strong coercive powers given to him under the provisions of the Health Act of 1900, required the Brisbane Municipal Council to erect ventilators in city streets to remove foul and unhealthy smells from the drainage systems. In 1900, the Council called tenders for the construction and erection of a ventilating shaft at Thorn Street, Kangaroo Point. No trace remains of this vent, except for its design, which was in the Monier system of re-inforced concrete, and identical with that of the vents that have survived on Wickham Terrace and St Paul&#39;s Terrace.</p><br>
<p>The Monier system of reinforced concrete (invented by Frenchman Joseph Monier and patented in 1867) was introduced to Australia in the early 1890s by WJ Baltzer, a New South Wales engineer. Monier&#39;s was the first true reinforced concrete, based on calculations which ensured that the steel was dispersed so as to take tension and shear forces. Baltzer, in association with contracting engineers Carter Gummow and Co. of Sydney, gained the Australian rights to this innovative fabric. The company constructed the first Monier system structure (a small arch for a storm water culvert) in Burwood, New South Wales, in 1894 and a sewer aqueduct linking the Sydney suburbs of Annandale and Balmain in 1895. The first use of the Monier system in Victoria was in 1897 with the Anderson Street Bridge over the Yarra River, designed and constructed by Carter Gummow & Co.</p><br>
<p>Carter Gummow and Co. began manufacture of Monier pipes in Sydney in 1897, and John Monash&#39;s Reinforced Concrete & Monier Pipe Construction Co. commenced production in Melbourne in 1903.</p><br>
<p>During the financial year 1903-04, the Brisbane Municipal Council authorised the spending of £1,537 on erecting sewer (drain) ventilating shafts wherever they were urgently needed. It is thought that the surviving concrete ventilation shafts were constructed in consequence.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The three surviving concrete ventilation shafts are located in Brisbanes inner city suburbs of Spring Hill and Teneriffe. Two are in Spring Hill - one at the eastern end of Albert Park, on the footpath on Wickham Terrace opposite Twine Street; another on the footpath on St Pauls Terrace, opposite Gloucester Street. A third is located on the footpath in Florence Street, Teneriffe, west of the intersection with Macquarie Street. They ventilate stormwater drains rather than sewers.</p><br>
<p>The Spring Hill ventilators are located on ridges, but the Teneriffe ventilator is on low ground near the Brisbane River. It is not known what rationale was adopted in deciding where the vents were to be placed.</p><br>
<p>The ventilators are constructed of reinforced concrete, hexagonal in shape, with simple ornamentation at half height and apex. The Spring Hill ventilators are 30 feet tall (approximately 9 metres) with a base width of 21 inches (about 52 cm). They have a wall thickness of 4.5 inches (11.5 cm) at the base, tapering to 3 inches (7.8 cm) at the top. The Teneriffe ventilator is of slightly smaller dimensions.</p><br>
<p>All three ventilators are thought to have been constructed in accordance with the patented Monier ventilation system for venting public sewers and drains, and probably pre-cast in an hexagonal mould, with the top face open.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Monier Ventilation Shaft 1 (Spring Hill) was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 August 1998 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Monier Ventilation Shafts, constructed, are important in illustrating late 19th/early 20th century attitudes toward public health and sanitation, and survive as visible evidence of Brisbane&#39;s early and extensive stormwater drainage scheme and venting system. The three surviving concrete shafts are thought to be the first pre-cast reinforced concrete structures in Queensland, and examples of the earliest application of the Monier system of reinforced concrete construction in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>They provide rare surviving evidence of this early use of true reinforced concrete, and are significant as indicators of the technically advanced state of municipal engineering and construction in Brisbane at the turn of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>They have the potential to contribute further to our understanding of:</p><br>
<p>community attitudes toward public health in the late 19th/early 20th centuries</p><br>
<p>Brisbane&#39;s early stormwater drainage scheme</p><br>
<p>early pre-cast reinforced concrete technology in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>They remain highly intact examples of their type and demonstrate engineering skill and involvement in creating aesthetically pleasing but functional structures.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>They remain highly intact examples of their type and demonstrate engineering skill and involvement in creating aesthetically pleasing but functional structures.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>They provide rare surviving evidence of this early use of true reinforced concrete, and are significant as indicators of the technically advanced state of municipal engineering and construction in Brisbane at the turn of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>McWhinneys Brick Cottage is a heritage-listed cottage at 47-55 Birley Street, Spring Hill, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built in the 1860s for Thomas McWhinney. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 February 2001.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The brick cottage at 59 Birley Street, Spring Hill, was likely erected in the mid-1860s for Thomas McWhinney, plasterer.</p><br>
<p>This part of Spring Hill was surveyed officially into suburban allotments in 1856, and was soon subdivided for closer residential settlement by speculative land owners. Along with Kangaroo Point and Petrie Terrace, Spring Hill was among the earliest of Brisbanes dormitory suburbs, attracting middle class residents to the high land along the ridges, and the working class to the hollows in between: Hanlys Hollow (between Wickham Terrace and Leichhardt Street), Spring Hollow (between Leichhardt Street and Gregory Terrace), and York&#39;s Hollow (to the north of Gregory Terrace - an area occupied by a number of brick-makers in the 1850s and 1860s).</p><br>
<p>The site on which the brick cottage is located was part of a larger parcel of land (1 acre 3 roods 8 perches - suburban portion 179, parish of North Brisbane) with a frontage to Leichhardt Street, purchased from the Crown in May 1860 by Patrick Byrne of Brisbane for the sum of £216. Almost immediately Byrne subdivided this portion into 10 subdivisions around a central access road (Birley Street) off Leichhardt Street. At this period, Birley Street did not extend through to Wickham Terrace. The two subdivisions at the top of the hill, with frontages to Leichhardt Street, comprised 39 perches each, but the remainder, running down the hill each side of Birley Street into Hanly&#39;s Hollow, were each just under 20 perches. The first transfer was recorded in August 1861 and all but one of the subdivisions sold in the period 1861-65. By the census of September 1871, there were 12 houses in Birley Street, all inhabited, accommodating 58 persons. Many of these houses appear to have been rental properties, and attracted mostly working class tenants such as bootmakers, carpenters, labourers, mariners, plasterers, printers, storemen and a number of widows, who were likely existing on modest incomes.</p><br>
<p>In September 1865, Patrick Byrne sold subdivision 3 of suburban portion 179 (19.4 perches) to Thomas McWhinney (sometimes McWhinny or McWhinnie) of Brisbane, for the sum of £63. This is the site of the present brick cottage. It is not known if a house was extant on the land at the time of sale, but the price suggests not.</p><br>
<p>In April 1866 McWhinney took out a mortgage of £25 on his Birley Street property from the Queensland Building Society No.2, of which he was a member. The timing, within a year of acquiring the land, suggests that the mortgage was used to help finance construction of the brick cottage. McWhinney was occupying the land in October 1872, when he applied to bring his property under the provisions of the Real Property Act of 1861, and is listed in the 1874 Post Office Directory as resident in Birley Street.</p><br>
<p>McWhinney and his wife Isabella Todd and family had arrived in New South Wales by 1858, and moved to Brisbane in the early 1860s, where Thomas, who was a plasterer by trade, gained employment with James Campbell. He worked for Campbell for 26 years until his retirement, for most of that time as a foreman, supervising the plastering and designing the mouldings for most of the principal construction work undertaken by Campbell during that period.</p><br>
<p>The cottage at 59 Birley Street is constructed in Flemish bond brick-on-edge (rat-trap bond), a form of construction used in other Spring Hill buildings of the 1860s and 1870s (such as Moody&#39;s Cottages in Rogers Street). It was a faster and cheaper form of construction, usually restricted to working-class homes and small workshops and stores. At 59 Birley Street the exterior brick work was finished with tuckpointing and the internal fireplace was plastered, which may be explained by the connection with McWhinney.</p><br>
<p>By 1883 the McWhinneys had left Birley Street and had moved to Arthur Street in Fortitude Valley by 1885, but McWhinney retained his Birley Street land, likely renting out the brick cottage. In 1885, McWhinney also gained title the adjacent subdivision 6 on the northern side of his Birley Street allotment. In the 1880s there were only four or five houses along this side of Birley Street (which did not extend past Lilley Street at that stage), and it is possible (but not confirmed) that in the late 1880s, 59 Birley Street was known as Jireh Cottage, occupied by compositor Thomas Wright. In May 1894, title to subdivisions 3 and 6 was transferred to Mary Ann McWhinney of Brisbane, spinster, and in August 1896 Thomas McWhinney, aged nearly 77, died.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1890s Birley Street was extended through to Wickham Terrace and in May 1900 subdivisions 3 and 6 of suburban portion 179 were transferred from Mary Ann McWhinney to Richard Gailey, the well-known Brisbane architect, who is appears to have developed these two blocks with the construction of four timber houses for rental purposes. The existing houses on this land, one of which is now connected via an enclosed verandah to the front of the brick cottage at 59 Birley Street, appear to date from this period.</p><br>
<p>By 1913, 59 Birley Street was occupied by Mrs Jane Collins. A Brisbane City Council Water Supply and Sewerage Detail Plan dated 1914 indicates a structure at 59 Birley Street which correlates with the present timber house attached to the brick cottage at the rear.</p><br>
<p>In June 1916, title to subdivisions 3 and 6 of suburban portion 179 was transferred from Richard Gailey to his daughter, Evadne Jane Gailey of Brisbane. The houses on these blocks remained rental properties, 59 Birley Street attracting mainly widows. In 1952 both subdivisions passed to Alfred Roberts, and following his death in 1979, was sold in 1983 to the Queensland Master Builders Association (Union of Employers), who have retained them since as rental properties.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>59 Birley Street is located on the western side of Birley Street, about two-thirds of the way down toward the hollow which runs between Leichhardt Street and Wickham Terrace (Hanly&#39;s Hollow).</p><br>
<p>It contains two principal structures: a high-set timber residence at the front of the block, attached via an enclosed timber verandah to a s brick cottage at the rear.</p><br>
<p>The s cottage is a small, rectangular, two-roomed brick structure with gable roof and close eaves. It rests on stone (porphyry or Brisbane tuff) foundations, low at the back and approximately 90 cm above ground at the front, where the land slopes. The stone blocks are roughly dressed and laid in courses, the more regular blocks placed along the exposed southern side. The roof is clad with corrugated iron, with the original shingle battens surviving beneath this.</p><br>
<p>The red face brick is laid in Flemish bond but brick-on-edge (rat- trap bond) - a faster and cheaper method of construction often used for working-class construction in Brisbane in the 1860s and 1870s. There are remnants of white tuckpointing on the bricks closest to the eaves, but the lower sections of the western and southern external walls have been badly repaired with later cement grouting. The northern external wall has been clad with a recent "pebble-dash" render. The front (eastern) wall has been painted and with the enclosing of the front verandah, is no longer exposed to the elements. It has two window openings symmetrically positioned either side of a central doorway. The western wall, built almost on the boundary of the allotment, has no fenestration. A chimney top, nicely detailed with decorative brickwork, rises above the roof at the southern end, but the main shaft of the chimney is internal.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the cottage comprises two small rooms. The former front entrance (the door has been removed) opens from a now enclosed timber verandah into the southern room, which is larger than the northern room and contains a fireplace and chimney. It is likely this room functioned as kitchen, living room and dining room. There are two windows to this room - one opening onto the front (eastern) verandah and retaining its original double-hung sash window, and the other a later opening in the southern wall beside the fireplace. The northern room is accessed from the southern room and has no external access. It originally had two windows, one in the north wall and the other in the eastern wall opening onto the verandah. The original sash window in the north wall has been replaced with louvres, and the window in the eastern wall has been in-filled with fibrous cement sheeting.</p><br>
<p>Both rooms retain their early skirting boards and the interior of the cottage is lined with plaster - walls, ceilings, partitioning wall and chimney. Much of this is early lathe and plaster work and early cement render, but sections of the ceilings have been replaced with recent plasterboard sheeting.</p><br>
<p>The floor boards are of pine, some of this early and secured with hand-made nails. The floor in the northern room has been replaced.</p><br>
<p>The front verandah was likely replaced with the construction of the attached timber house, and is now enclosed. The northern section of this verandah has been partitioned and enclosed as a bathroom. The southern section is now an internal passageway with an external door at the southern end. This verandah links the brick cottage to the timber house.</p><br>
<p>The house is a high-set, timber-framed, weatherboard clad structure with a corrugated iron hipped and gabled roof. It has a front extended gable and small front verandah which has since been enclosed.</p><br>
<p>In plan, the timber house has a central corridor opening off the enclosed front verandah. On the northern side of the corridor are three rooms. On the southern side there are two. The room at the rear on the southern side appears to have been partitioned to create a corridor through to the back door which opens onto the enclosed front verandah of the brick cottage. Floorboards throughout are the original, likely pine. Rooms throughout are lined with vertically-jointed tongue and groove boards and the ceilings are also tongue and groove. The house retains its original joinery, including doors and window frames, some of which are sash and some casements. All the internal doors have fanlights above. The place is remarkably intact considering that it has been occupied as a rental property for approximately a century.</p><br>
<p>A yard adjoining the cottage on the southern side contains a number of archaeological deposits—horse shoes, bottles, coins, broken pottery, shells and handmade nails have been found here—and there is sub-strata evidence of an early brick pathway to the cottage.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>McWhinneys Brick Cottage was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 February 2001 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>McWhinneys Brick Cottage at 59 Birley Street, Spring Hill, erected probably in the mid-1860s, has high historical significance and is important in illustrating the pattern of Queenslands history. It is associated with the mid-19th century settlement of Spring Hill as one of Brisbane&#39;s earliest dormitory suburbs, and illustrates the nature of residential subdivisions and construction in Brisbane at this period - particularly the use of brick and stone as distinct from timber.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The brick cottage is a rare surviving example of its type and age in Brisbane, and is particularly significant for its brick-on-edge construction, for the intactness of many of the finishes, and for what it reveals of mid-19th century working-class living conditions.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological deposits in the grounds have the potential to reveal information since its non-indigenous occupation in the 1860s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The brick cottage is a rare surviving example of its type and age in Brisbane, and is particularly significant for its brick-on-edge construction, for the intactness of many of the finishes, and for what it reveals of mid-19th century working-class living conditions.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place has aesthetic value engendered by the materials, form, scale and setting of the brick cottage.</p><br>
<p>Kennedy Memorial Home Historic District, also known as Cedar Dell, is a historic farm and national historic district located near Kinston, Lenoir County, North Carolina. It encompasses 29 contributing buildings, 7 contributing sites and 5 contributing structures. The district includes an orphanage owned by the Baptist Children’s Homes of North Carolina and constructed from 1914 to 1959. Located in the district is the separately listed Federal style Cedar Dell plantation home. Other contributing resources are the Jar Room/Shop , potato curing barn , Pollock Cottage , Kennedy Memorial Home Baptist Church , Jones Swimming Pool , Cedar Dell Cemetery , and Brogden Food Locker .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Fairbanks Exploration Company was the major economic force in the growth of Fairbanks, Alaska during its gold rush years in the early 20th century. In the 1920s the company built a number of housing units for its workers. A cluster of at least eight of these is known to have survived on the east side of Illinois Street, of which four have retained historical integrity. Located at 505, 507, 521, and 523 Illinois Street, they are all similarly-built Bungalow-style wood frame buildings, 1-1/2 stories in height, with a hip roof and projecting hipped wings. The complex includes a five-stall garage which served all four houses, as well as two greenhouses. At the time of their listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997, this group of houses was being rehabilitated for use as a bed and breakfast inn.</p><br>
<p>The Madrid Village Schoolhouse is a historic community building on Reeds Mill Road in the center of the disincorporated township of Madrid, Maine. Built c. 1872, it is the least-altered surviving district school building of twelve originally built in the community. In the later years of the 20th century the school was used for town meetings and offices prior to the town&#39;s disincorporation in 2000. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The schoolhouse is a single story wood frame structure, three bays wide, with a gable roof, weatherboard siding, and a rubblestone foundation. The main facade, facing east, has a central window flanked by two doorways, with a second window centered in the gable end. The doors and windows have simple trim. A remnant of a vertical flag pole extends upward from the upper window to the ridge line just below the small bell tower. The building is set on a sloping lot, exposing the basement in the rear, and there is a two-story ell there, which provides pit toilet facilities for the building. The two entries lead into separate vestibules, which lead into a single large chamber, which takes up the rest of the main block. Theses rooms are finished with horizontal pine wainscoting, and 20th-century wooden floors. Original blackboards are found on two walls. The basement of the building has modern finishes.</p><br>
<p>The town of Madrid was settled in 1807 and incorporated in 1836. Its population peaked around 1860, at which time it had seven school districts and twelve schools. The property on which this building is believed to stand was sold to the town in 1872, and it is presumed that the school was built on it not long after (there is no evidence of other relevant property acquisitions by the town in the vicinity). The building was the last of the town&#39;s schools, operating until 1959. It was thereafter used as town hall, housing offices and the town polling station. The town disincorporated in 2000, and the building is now maintained by the Madrid Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The Duck Cove School is a historic former school building at 429 Maine State Route 46  in Bucksport, Maine. Built in 1895, this wood frame one-room schoolhouse served as a school until 1943, and been owned by a local community organization since. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The schoolhouse is a single-story wood frame structure, with a side gable roof, weatherboard and shingle siding, and a foundation of stone piers. Atypically for Maine schoolhouses of the 19th century, it has an engaged porch and vestibule on the front (northwest) facade. The porch is supported by turned posts with braces. The northeast gable is finished in shingles, and there is a truss-shaped Stick style gable ornament in the peak. The interior is finished with vertical board wainscoting, original blackboards, and a 1927 pressed metal roof.</p><br>
<p>The town of Bucksport had eighteen school districts at its height in 1859. Over the course of the second half of the 19th century it experienced a significant decline in population, resulting in the closure and consolidation of many schools. This school was built in 1895 to replace a dilapidated older structure, after long public debate over whether to consolidate further rather than build a new building. The building served the town until 1943. It was transferred to the Duck Cove Community Club, which has maintained it and used it has a clubhouse since then.</p><br>
<p>J.C. Berrys Dry Goods Store is a historic commercial building at 331 Old South Main Street in Yellville, Arkansas. It is a two story block, built out of local limestone with pressed metal trim. The ground floor has a glass commercial store front, sheltered by a porch, and the second story has a bank of six windows, each flanked by a pair of Ionic pilasters. The roof has an extended overhang supported by brackets, and a highly decorated parapet. The metal elements of the facade were manufactured by the Mesker Brothers, a nationally known producer of metal architectural goods based in St. Louis, Missouri. The building was built in 1903 by J.C. Berry, and was operated as a dry goods business until 1912, when Berrys nephew Rex Floyd converted it for use as a hotel after his Park Hotel burned down. The hotel closed in 1952, and the building has seen a succession of mixed commercial and residential uses.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>The Dômes de Miage are a line of mountain peaks in the south of the Mont Blanc massif that reach a height of 3,673 metres. The snow-covered arête from which they rise is over three kilometres long. The six peaks in the chain are : L&#39;Aiguille de la Bérangère , and unnamed tops known only from their heights as Dôme 3670, Dôme 3666, Dôme 3633, Dôme 3673 and Dôme 3672.</p><br>
<p>The ridge of the dômes de Miage is considered one of the most striking in the Mont Blanc massif.</p><br>
<p>The normal route starts at the Refuge des Conscrits, crosses the Tré-la-Tête glacier, climbs to Col des Dômes (between tops 3633 and 3673) and follows the arête as far as La Bérangère (PD). A crossing from end to end runs from the Refuge des Conscrits to refuge Durier and is a little more difficult (AD). It is usually combined with the long traverse over the Aiguille de Bionnassay to Mont Blanc.</p><br>
<p>Isla Santa Catalina, officially known as Isla Catalana, is an island in the Gulf of California east of the Baja California Peninsula. The island is uninhabited and is part of the Loreto Municipality.</p><br>
<p>The island is located south of the Gulf of California and is located 25 km from the peninsula of Baja California. It has about 13 km long and 4 km wide maximum with total area of 39.273 square kilometers. Isla Catalana, being uninhabited, is separated by the sea from the nearest town, Loreto, which lies about 60 km away.</p><br>
<h2>Official name</h2><br>
<p>The official and traditional name of the island is “Isla Catalana”. The confusion was caused by some documents of cartographic service of the United States, that wrote in a chart the name “Isla Santa Catalina”.In some scientific papers, authors use both names. The official Mexican and the one that became international by error.</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>Ferocactus diguetii.</p><br>
<p>This previous variety of cactus discovered by Leon Diguet and endemic in the islands of the Sea of Cortés, grows the tallest specimens on Isla Catalana.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<h4>Birds</h4><br>
<p>Picoides scalaris</p><br>
<p>Melanerpes uropygialis</p><br>
<p>Zenaida asiatica</p><br>
<p>Amphispiza bilineata</p><br>
<p>Cardinalis cardinalis</p><br>
<p>Haemorhous mexicanus</p><br>
<h4>Reptiles</h4><br>
<p>Isla Catalana has 10 species of reptiles, including the following seven endemic species.</p><br>
<p>Aspidoscelis catalinensis (Isla Santa Catalina whiptail)</p><br>
<p>Crotalus catalinensis (Santa Catalina Island rattlesnake)</p><br>
<p>Dipsosaurus catalinensis (Isla Santa Catalina desert iguana)</p><br>
<p>Lampropeltis catalinensis (Isla Santa Catalina kingsnake)</p><br>
<p>Phyllodactylus bugastrolepis (Santa Catalina Island leaf-toed gecko)</p><br>
<p>Sceloporus lineatulus (Isla Santa Catalina spiny lizard)</p><br>
<p>Uta squamata (Isla Santa Catalina side-blotched lizard)</p><br>
<p>The Clyde Carter House is a historic residence in Ford City, Alabama. Built at a time of vast land speculation in Colbert County, the house represents the then-fashionable Spanish Eclectic style not commonly found in the rural deep South. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1924, amid a period of land speculation throughout The Shoals. In 1921, industrialist Henry Ford offered to buy two ammonium nitrate plants (constructed to manufacture ammunition, but which Ford would repurpose for fertilizer) and the partially completed Wilson Dam from the government. Ford later proposed to build an industrial city stretching for 75 miles (120 km) along the Tennessee River to Huntsville. Developers began buying farmland to build subdivisions and towns. One company, the Bernard Home Building Company, based in Baltimore, Maryland, purchased land to develop in an area they named Ford City. They began construction on one house, in Spanish Eclectic style, before Ford abandoned his plans in the face of opposition from Congress.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased at auction in 1930 by Clyde and Cleo Carter after the builder defaulted on the mortgage. Carter finished the house and worked the surrounding lands, planting corn and cotton, eventually acquiring 24 acres (10 ha). Due to its proximity to Wilson Dam, the house was one of the first to have electrical service after the Rural Electrification Act. After Clyde Carter died in 1958, his wife Cleo lived in the house until her death in 1972. The Carters&#39; daughters owned the house until 2000, when a granddaughter inherited the house.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Spanish Eclectic architectural style was first exhibited at the Panama–California Exposition in San Diego in 1915. Bertram Goodhue, the exposition&#39;s designer, combined Spanish Colonial and Mission Revival architecture with cues from other styles with ties to Spain, including Byzantine, Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque. The style took hold in the years following World War I as an offshoot of the more popular Spanish Colonial Revival style. It was most widely seen in Southern California and Florida, including homes built for screenwriter Frances Marion, director Cecil B. DeMille, and actor Charlie Chaplin.</p><br>
<p>The Clyde Carter house has a flat, parapet roof, with a decorative course of brick. The façade is clad in stucco, and the base is scored to mimic a stone finish. The main entrance has a sidelight and is flanked by two single-pane windows. The elaborate metal storm door and front porch balustrade are obvious cues of the Spanish Eclectic style. When Carter finished the house in the 1930s, he added a screened porch with a gable roof; this was destroyed in a 1972 tornado and partially enclosed with board and batten siding to create a sunroom. A porte-cochère extends from the south side of the house, covering a courtyard garden with a dogwood and Confederate jasmine. The interior retains its original wood panel doors, baseboards, and crown molding.</p><br>
<p>The Alvin S. Keys House is a historic house located at 1600 Illini Road in Leland Grove, Illinois. The house was built in 1929-30 for Republican politician and community leader Alvin S. Keys. At the time, Leland Grove was one of the most exclusive of Springfield&#39;s developing suburbs; the Keys House had an especially desirable location, as it was across the street from the Illini Country Club. Architect Murray S. Hanes designed the house in the Colonial Revival style, one of the most popular styles in America at the time. The front facade features a projecting entrance with a decorative fanlight and side lights; the rest of the facade is fairly plain, so as not to detract from the entrance. The interior incorporates Colonial woodwork and features into a modern floor plan, which included a powder room for guests, a recreation room, a screened porch, and an attached garage.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 6, 1994.</p><br>
<p>Oido is an island on the West Coast region of South Korea&#39;s Gyeonggi Province . It is an area of Siheung stretching from north to south with low hills under 72.9 m.</p><br>
<p>Oido has shell mounds</p><br>
<p>throughout the whole area, with the largest of the mounds located on the West Coast. The Oido shell mounds are the only remains of the exchanges between the North and South Neolithic cultures of the Korean Peninsula. The mounds also provide information on the Neolithic area&#39;s changing coastal environment.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Important events in the history of Oido:</p><br>
<p>The Prehistoric Age and the Creation of Natural Community.</p><br>
<p>In 1018, it was reorganized to be Ansan-hyeon (安山縣).</p><br>
<p>The early years of the Joseon dynasty, called O-jil-ae-do (吾叱耳島), occurred during the reign of King Seongjong (1469-1494) in the Joseon Dynasty.</p><br>
<p>In 1757, Silla was incorporated into the Janggu-gun.</p><br>
<p>August 4, 1896 it was reorganized to be Ma-you meon, Ansan-gun and Gyeong-gi.</p><br>
<p>April 1, 1914 it was incorporated into Jeong-wang-li, Gun-ja-myeon and Si-heong-gun.</p><br>
<p>In 1940, it was renamed Ansan-gun(安山郡).</p><br>
<p>May 1, 1985 it was reorganized to be Ansan-gun and Incheon.</p><br>
<p>January 1, 1989 it was reorganized to be Jeong-wang-dong and Si-heong city.</p><br>
<p>During the reign of King Jeong-jo in the Joseon Dynasty, it was renamed to Oido the current name.</p><br>
<p>The Japanese Colonial Era set up a pond in this area so that the mud and salt returned to the land.</p><br>
<p>Construction of Military Forts.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Oido is not an island on the ocean, but people still refer to it as an “island."</p><br>
<p>Some parts of the northeast side of the island were occupied by the Japanese.</p><br>
<p>The Northwest and Southeast parts of Oido have steep rock slopes.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Oido is near the last station of Seoul Subway Line 4, Oido Station. It is about three minutes on foot from Oido Station. One can also take a bus.</p><br>
<p>Oido is also the last station of suin line,Oido station.transfer station between Seoul sebway line 4 and Suin line.</p><br>
<h2>Tourist attractions</h2><br>
<p>Dinosaur Egg Fossil Place Visiting Center (공룡알 화석지 방문센터): In 1999, fossil dinosaur eggs were found around Wooeumdo(우음도) in the center of Sihwaho Lake (시화호). They were formed about 100 million years ago during the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic Era. More than 200 dinosaur eggs were discovered, and the site was designated Natural Monument No. 414. It is valued for academic research and displays fossil exhibits and dinosaur models.</p><br>
<p>Oidos Shell Festival promotes the customs and flavors of the Oido people and its fishing village life to tourists. The festival is held on Oidos food culture street every October. Typical events of the festival include catching eels with one&#39;s bare hands and shell gathering. Many local dishes of Oido are for sale and it consists of seafood and local specialties. After the Si-heung city stopped funding the festival in 2014, the festival got smaller. Originally, the festival was held for 2 to 3 days but, the last festival lasted only one day and the number of tourists that came decreased from 20000 to 10000.</p><br>
<p>Ok-gu Park (옥구공원): Ok-gu Island had controlled visitors’ access until 1998 because of the coastguard station. After 1998, Si-heung city made Ok-gu island an Eco-friendly park for families who live in the capital areas. Ok-gu Park opened in 2000 and is composed of ‘Hometown Hill (고향마을)’, ‘Mugunghwa Hill (무궁화 마을)’, Marsh Eco Park (갯벌체험광장) and Lotus Flower Complex (연꽃단지) among other sites. Ok-gu park held the ‘Gyeong-gi gardening culture fair’ in 2010.</p><br>
<p>Oido Commemorative Park (오이도기념공원): The park is located at the starting point of Siwha Seawall. There are various attractions including an honorary monument, observatory, tideland education plaza, inline skating rink, bicycle rental and other facilities.</p><br>
<p>Oido Food Culture Street (오이도음식문화거리): Gyeong-gi province designated Oido food culture street as a model food culture. The local dishes like sliced raw fish (활어회), noodle soup with clams (바지락칼국수) and roasted clams (조개구이) are popular.</p><br>
<p>Red Lighthouse (빨간등대).</p><br>
<p>Lonsdale House is a heritage-listed detached house at 283 Boundary Street, Spring Hill, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1860s circa to 1950s circa. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 August 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This two-storeyed timber residence with attic was constructed by 1879, and possibly dates to the 1860s. It is located in the heart of Spring Hill in inner Brisbane, and is associated with the mid-19th century development of this area as one of the city&#39;s earliest dormitory suburbs.</p><br>
<p>Land in Spring Hill, much of it located within the original Brisbane town boundaries, was alienated in the 1850s and 1860s as large suburban allotments. Blocks along the ridge roads which became known as Wickham Terrace and Leichhardt Street, were the first to be taken up, followed by the area between Boundary Street (which formed the old northern limit to Brisbane Town) and Gregory Terrace. Subdivision of these allotments commenced from the 1850s, and Spring Hill, within easy walking distance of Queen Street, rapidly emerged as North Brisbanes first dormitory suburb, with little commercial or industrial base of its own. More affluent residents occupied the larger allotments and houses along the ridges, and the working classes occupied the valleys in between (Hanlys Valley and Spring Hollow). Subdivision accelerated during the 1870s and 1880s, and by 1900 Spring Hill was Brisbanes most densely populated suburb. From the 1860s a row of small shops was established along Leichhardt Street between Fortescue and Rogers Streets, with other shops congregated around the hotels at the intersections of Leichhardt Street with Edward, Wharf and Boundary Streets. In the 1870s and 1880s churches, schools, hospitals, a mechanics institute and a tram service were established along Leichhardt Street, which became the hub of Spring Hill.</p><br>
<p>Boundary Street, running from the river west to Gregory Terrace, attracted a mainly working class population, including artisans, trades persons and labourers, with middle class residents occupying the higher blocks near Leichhardt Street and Gregory Terrace.</p><br>
<p>Lonsdale House, fronting Boundary Street close to the intersection with Leichhardt Street, was erected on part of Northern Suburban Allotment 97, an area of just under 3 acres alienated in 1853 by pastoralist David Cannon McConnel, and subdivided the same year. In December 1853 subdivision 16 of NSA 97 (22.5 perches) was re-subdivided into two blocks, 283 Boundary Street (12.5 perches - site of Lonsdale House) and 277 Boundary Street (10 perches). An 1856 map of Brisbane shows two structures fronting Boundary Street, between what became Leichhardt and Phillips streets - the westernmost of these may have been located at 283 or 277 Boundary Street, but this is not clear.</p><br>
<p>In 1862 Robert Bourne of Brisbane acquired title to the 12.5 perches re-subdivision fronting Boundary Street, and to the adjacent 10 perches in 1864, by which time he was living in Spring Hill. Whether he erected Lonsdale House after obtaining title to the land, or whether it was already extant, is not known. Nor is it known whether he ever occupied the house. Robert Bourne and his wife Anne Butler were retired missionaries (associated with the London Missionary Society in Tahiti 1817-1827). They had business interests in Sydney and in Victoria in the 1830s and 1840s, and moved to Brisbane following the move there from Sydney in 1851 of their daughter and son-in-law, Harriet and George Raff. Bourne acquired a number of Brisbane properties, including 1a 20p of NSA 97 between Leichhardt and Phillips streets from DC McConnel in February 1856, and portion 192 on the southern side of Boundary Street in November 1856. He was resident in Leichhardt Street, Spring Hill by 1868, possibly in the two-storeyed brick residence he appears to have erected on the land he purchased from McConnel in 1856, adjoining the northern boundary of Lonsdale House. Bourne was Secretary to the Queensland Board of General Education from June 1860 to January 1870. He died at his home in Leichhardt Street in 1871, aged 78. His death was certified by his son Joseph Bourne of Boundary Street, Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>Following Bournes death his Spring Hill properties were transferred to executors (sons-in-law George Raff of Brisbane and Stewart Murray of Sydney), and after Annes death in December 1878, Raff offered the Spring Hill properties for sale by auction in August 1879. By this date, 4 houses had been erected on the property: Lonsdale House (a two-storeyed timber building with verandah and balcony front and back, containing seven rooms, with detached kitchen); a four-roomed timber cottage adjacent; the two-storeyed brick house behind; and Strathmore Cottage fronting Boundary Street opposite Lonsdale House. They were located close to the heart of Brisbane, on a rise, with breezes and fine views over the town and river.</p><br>
<p>Lonsdale House on 14.2 perches (comprising the original 12.5 perches re-subdivision plus extended northern and eastern boundaries) was purchased by Henry Lander Pethebridge for £350, with title transferred in March 1880.</p><br>
<p>Pethebridge, a carpenter and joiner and government Inspector of Works in the Portmaster&#39;s Office, was resident in Brisbane from at least April 1860, when he married Elizabeth Mary Symons. The family lived at various addresses in Spring Hill until the mid-1870s, when they left Brisbane briefly, but had returned by May 1877. Pethebridge was employed in the Department of Harbours, Lighthouses and Pilots, and supervised construction of Cape Bowling Green Lighthouse in the early 1870s. In August 1874 he was appointed Inspector of Works (Class IV) in the Department, a position he held until 1900. The Pethebridges occupied Lonsdale House after their purchase of the property. Mrs Pethebridge died in 1894, but Henry remained at 283 Boundary Street until his death in 1910, after which the property passed to his son, Samuel Augustus Pethebridge of Melbourne, and son-in-law Edward J Atkinson of Brisbane, as trustees. Lonsdale House then was rented out to a series of tenants who used the place as a boarding house.</p><br>
<p>Sir Samuel Augustus Pethebridge died in January 1918 and in August that year, 283 Boundary Street was transferred to Bridget Kenny of Spring Hill. The property changed hands several times in the 1920s, and from was occupied by the Hough family. Herbert Hough obtained title to the property in 1946, ane retained this until 1956. From the 1950s, if not earlier, the house was utilised as a boarding house of 9 rooms, (1 room enclosed on the first floor rear verandah and 1 room in the kitchen wing, in addition to the 7 rooms in the core of the house), and a second ground-level kitchen was constructed at the rear, s. Title was transferred to the present owners in 1966.</p><br>
<p>Lonsdale House is a rare surviving early inner-city residence, and was identified in the Brisbane History Group&#39;s 1993 Spring Hill Heritage Tour as a place of cultural heritage interest.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Lonsdale House is located in Boundary Street, Spring Hill, close to the intersection with St Paul&#39;s Terrace, on a small elevated block overlooking central Brisbane. It is a two-storeyed timber house with attic rooms, with double-storey verandahs to front (south) and back (north) elevations, and single-storey extensions to the rear. The exterior is clad with 12" deep pine chamfer boards. Built on a slope running west-east, the house is partly high-set on timber stumps or replacement concrete stumps. Because of the slope of the land, there are stairs on the western side leading from the street to the "ground" level front verandah.</p><br>
<p>The main house has a steeply-pitched gabled roof covered in galvanised corrugated iron. There are early hipped, concave, corrugated-iron verandah roofs to the upper level verandahs. The single-storey rear extension on the west side has a hipped roof, and the single-storey extension to the east side has a mono-pitch roof, both covered in corrugated galvanised iron. There is a central brick chimney rising above the main roof, and resting on stone foundations. The front verandahs have timber posts with decorative capitals and fretwork brackets. On the lower level the timber balustrade has simple timber dowel in-fill and there is a timber lattice valance. Two of the bays are in-filled with timber lattice privacy screens. The first floor has a cast iron balustrade.</p><br>
<p>The front elevation at ground level has a more recent timber-framed, glass entrance door with fanlight over on the west side, and a pair of 6 over 6 timber vertical sash windows. These have narrow glazing bars with no horn to the top sash, and the glass appears original or early. To the first floor there are three early double casement doors with glazed fanlights over, opening onto the front upper-level verandah. The front gable has a centrally placed 6 over 6 timber vertical sash window, over which is a convex curved corrugated iron window hood, supported on curved timber brackets with decorative pendants, in- filled with a cross lattice.</p><br>
<p>The east side elevation of the main house has a pair of 6 over 6 timber vertical sash windows to the ground floor and first floor, with the same materials and detailing as those at the front. All have convex corrugated iron window hoods, supported on curved timber brackets with decorative pendants, in-filled with a cross lattice. There are no windows on the west side.</p><br>
<p>The rear elevation of the main house is obscured by the double-storey verandah which is in filled and the two single-story ground-level extensions. The gable has a centrally placed 6 over 6 timber vertical sash window, over which is a hood of the same design as the front and side elevations.</p><br>
<p>The single storey western extension at the rear is rectangular, with a corrugated iron stove recess at the north end, with an iron stove chimney. There is a door in the north elevation and a timber-framed window in the west side elevation. It is clad with 8" deep chamferboards and has a galvanised corrugated iron hipped roof. It appears to be of an early date.</p><br>
<p>The rear extension on the east side is elongated with two windows in the east side elevation. It is clad with fibrous-cement sheeting, with a galvanised corrugated iron mono-pitch roof running down to form a valley gutter with the extension on the west side. There is a small lean-to extension at the northern end of this extension, also clad in fibrous-cement sheeting, with a window in the western side wall. There are two lean-to corrugated iron roofs running off these two single-storey extensions at the rear.</p><br>
<p>The rear yard has a corrugated iron roof structure in the north west corner under which is a small, brick WC outbuilding. In the north east corner is a timber-framed carport. The front boundary has a brick wall with brick piers, painted and in-filled with vertical timber picket fencing.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the ground floor has a full-length hall on the west side with a steep timber staircase running up the side wall. The single- flight staircase has four stairs turning onto the first floor landing, and has a turned newel post and simple stick balusters. The hall has a timber arch with decorative brackets separating vestibule from stairwell. The vestibule has a s decorative plaster ceiling; the remainder of the hall (ceiling and walls) is covered in fibrous-cement or ply-wood sheeting with timber battens. Two rooms, one front and one back, open off the hall on the ground floor. The front room has two timber 6 over 6 timber vertical sliding sash windows to the front (south) elevation and 1 to the side elevation. The ceiling is lined in jointed timber boarding with a decorative timber (gas) vent. The walls are lined with ply-wood timber sheeting with battens. The north dividing wall has double and single leaf 4 panel timber doors leading to the room at the rear. The rear room has a single 6:6 timber vertical sliding sash window to the side elevation, and a blocked window to the rear (north) elevation. There is a fireplace with early timber fire surround. The ceiling is lined with timber boarding with central timber decorative (gas) vent. The walls are lined with plywood sheeting with timber battens.</p><br>
<p>A door with fanlight over, leads from the hall out onto the rear verandah, which has been in-filled. On the west side is a small store room, while on the east side the verandah has been incorporated into a later kitchen extension. This extension is lined (walls and ceiling) with what appears to be compressed timber sheeting and has s detailing and fittings.</p><br>
<p>On the west side the single-storey rear extension, an early service wing formerly detached from the main house, has walls and coved ceiling lined with timber tongue and groove boarding with a narrow beading. This wing is divided into two rooms by a wall of vertically jointed tongue and groove timber. Access to the southern room (possibly a former servant&#39;s room) is off the verandah. It has timber small-pane sash windows to the east and west side elevations. The rear room (early kitchen) has a corrugated iron stove recess in the rear wall and a door to the rear yard area. A narrow enclosed corridor runs between the two extensions to the rear yard area.</p><br>
<p>The first floor has a generous landing providing access to 3 rooms and the rear verandah, and staircase access to the roof space. To the rear elevation is a blocked window, and a narrow timber 8 panel door leading out onto the enclosed verandah. There are two rooms to the front (south) side of the house and one to the rear. The front room on the west side has a double casement timber and glazed door, with fanlight over, leading out onto the verandah. The doors have a single timber panel to the bottom, and 4 horizontal panes over with a marginal glazing bar detail, and margins in-filled with coloured glass. Walls and ceiling are lined with timber boarding. The front room on the east side has two double casement doors, with fanlights over, leading onto the verandah, of the same design as the adjoining room. There is a 6:6 timber vertical sash window to the side elevation. Walls and ceiling lined with timber boards. The room to the rear has a fireplace with early timber fireplace surround. There is a single 6:6 timber vertical sash window to the side elevation, and a blocked door opening onto the rear the verandah. Walls and ceiling are lined with timber boards.</p><br>
<p>The rear verandah is fully enclosed, and partly extended on the west side. A narrow corridor runs from the landing access door onto the verandah to a window and a fire escape door. On the west side are two small rooms, the first containing a shower and basin, the second a toilet. The enclosed verandah on the east side is lined with ripple iron. It has a window to the east side elevation and rear elevation. Timber decking runs from the fire escape door across the roofs of the single story ground-level extensions.</p><br>
<p>A narrow straight flight of stairs runs from the first floor landing to a small landing in the roof area which is lit by a small skylight. It provides access to two rooms, one to the front (south) side and one to the rear (north) side. The room to the front is lined with wide timber boarding, and has a centrally placed 6 over 6 timber vertical sash window in the gable end. A small access door to the roof space reveals closely spaced battens to the rafters, providing clear evidence that the roof originally had timber shingles. The room to the rear is L-shaped. It has a chimney, but no fireplace, and a single timber sash window to the gable. Walls and ceiling are lined with timber boarding.</p><br>
<p>Floors throughout are of timber.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Lonsdale House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 August 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Lonsdale House, erected by 1879, provides important surviving evidence of the development of Spring Hill as an early dormitory suburb of Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is a rare surviving building of its type (a mid-19th century, 3-level, Georgian-style, detached timber town-house) in Brisbane, and is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of its type, including the town-house form with the entrance set to one side of the house; attic rooms with dormers; wide vestibule and narrow, steep internal staircases; early joinery (French doors, narrow-mullioned windows, simple stick balustrading to the staircases); early exterior decorative detailing; and early, formerly detached, kitchen wing.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is a rare surviving building of its type (a mid-19th century, 3-level, Georgian-style, detached timber town-house) in Brisbane, and is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of its type, including the town-house form with the entrance set to one side of the house; attic rooms with dormers; wide vestibule and narrow, steep internal staircases; early joinery (French doors, narrow-mullioned windows, simple stick balustrading to the staircases); early exterior decorative detailing; and early, formerly detached, kitchen wing.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building is significant for its aesthetic quality and contribution to the streetscape of Boundary Street and to the Spring Hill townscape.</p><br>
<p>William Grigor&#39;s House is a heritage-listed semi-detached house  at 19 Gloucester Street, Spring Hill, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built in the late 1860s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 July 1993.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>William Grigor&#39;s House is a semi-detached stone house, constructed in the late 1860s during the early growth of Spring Hill as a suburb of Brisbane. The house was built for William Grigor, a Scottish immigrant who had arrived in Moreton Bay in 1855.</p><br>
<p>Grigor and his friend and business partner, James Low, acquired the adjoining properties in Gloucester Street in 1867 and proceeded to construct the pair of semi-detached stone houses on the two sites.</p><br>
<p>In 1862 Grigor, Low and William Pettigrew had formed a partnership, and Grigor and Low moved to Mooloolah where they hauled timber and rafted it to Brisbane. In 1863 Grigor married Mary Fenwick and together with the Lows, continued working in the timber industry.</p><br>
<p>By 1868 it would appear that the partnership was experiencing financial difficulties and was possibly dissolved. Low and his family moved to his selection on the banks of the South Maroochy River (later called Yandina). In October 1868 Grigor selected land in the parish of Beerwah, where he commenced construction of Bankfoot House in anticipation of the forthcoming Cobb and Co coach route between Brisbane and Gympie. When Banksfoot House was completed, Grigor was rejoined by his wife, and they established an accommodation house, which was also a post-office, dinner stage and change of horses for Cobb and Co coaches. It is possible that Mary had stayed at the Spring Hill house while Bankfoot House was being built.</p><br>
<p>For over one hundred and twenty years the property in Gloucester Street has remained with the Grigors and their descendants, and has been rented during most of that period.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s the house was returned to as close to original condition as possible. This included replacement of the verandah fabric and guttering to match existing materials.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>William Grigor&#39;s House is a cottage made of Brisbane tuff with sandstone dressings, with a two-storeyed brick and stone wing to the rear. Its steeply pitched corrugated iron roof contains an attic storey with a single dormer window, and it has a timber verandah with a corrugated iron skillion roof overlooking Gloucester St. It is one of a pair of cottages which are semi-detached, and sits on an eastward falling slope. The cottage has a simple rectangular plan with four rooms to the ground floor which run off a central corridor, and two rooms above. A timber and corrugated iron room links the cottage to the rear wing, which contains a former kitchen with a single room above.</p><br>
<p>The verandah sits at half level above Gloucester St, and is accessed via stone stairs. It has timber rectangular columns with timber capitals, and an unpainted timber boarded ceiling. The dormer above has a hipped roof, and the half-round guttering is decorated with cresting at the corners. A sandstone and brick chimney rises above the roofline. The windows are multi-paned timber sliding sash windows, and have textured sandstone lintels, quoins and sills; the doors also have textured sandstone surrounds. The eastern attic window is flanked by two timber rails which may have been a lifting device. The rear wing has a hipped corrugated iron roof which adjoins that of its neighbour. A small brick and corrugated iron outhouse sits to the west of the kitchen.</p><br>
<p>The walls and ceilings in the cottage are plaster and lath, with modestly detailed timber trim throughout (much of it cedar). The timber work includes deep window reveals, mantelpieces to the two northern ground floor rooms, a louvred timber door to the north-west room, steep stairs to the attic rooms and cupboards in the eastern attic room. The rear wing contains an early stove, and steep stairs with a shutter door above.</p><br>
<p>William Grigor&#39;s House is a rare example of an 1860s inner city residence. The interior is highly intact. The modestly detailed exterior is also intact and contributes to the surrounding turn-of-the-century residential streetscape.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>William Grigor&#39;s House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 July 1993 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The residence is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, in particular the settlement of Spring Hill as a suburb of Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The residence remains as a rare intact example of an 1860s semi-detached stone house in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The residence exhibits the principal characteristics of an 1860s stone house in Brisbane and its contribution to the Gloucester St streetscape exhibits aesthetic characteristics valued by the community.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The residence exhibits the principal characteristics of an 1860s stone house in Brisbane and its contribution to the Gloucester St streetscape exhibits aesthetic characteristics valued by the community.</p><br>
<p>Cedar Dell, also known as Kennedy Memorial Home, is a historic plantation house located near Falling Creek, Lenoir County, North Carolina. It was originally constructed about 1820 as a two-story, three bay, Federal style brick dwelling with a side-hall plan. It was enlarged to five bays wide and converted to a Victorian Gothic central hall plan mansion. The front facade features a one-story Eastlake-style porch with a low roof topped by a wrought iron balustrade and the rear facade has a two-tier porch. Also on the front facade is a large bay window with a roof identical to that on the porch. The house and property were deeded for use as an orphanage in 1912.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. It is located in the Kennedy Memorial Home Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Cotton-Smith House is a historic house at 42 High Street in Fairfield, Maine. Built in 1890, it is one of Fairfield&#39;s finest Queen Anne Victorian houses. It was built by Joseph Cotton, owner of the Maine Manufacturing Company, which produced iceboxes, and occupied by him for just four years. The house was acquired in 1983 by the Fairfield Historical Society, which operates it as the Fairfield History House, a museum of local history. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Cotton-Smith House is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, set on a granite and brick foundation on a sloping lot in a residential area near Fairfield&#39;s town center. It has a truncated hip roof with slate shingles, and several large gable projections. The front (west-facing) facade has two sections: the left side has a round-arch three-part window with a pair of sash windows above, and the right, which projects slight, rises to a full-height gable, has a polygonal window bay topped by a hip roof with a small gable, a pair of sash windows above, and smaller windows in the gable. The gable is decorated with wooden panels that have intricate sawn details. The south elevation, where the main entrance is located, has a projecting section near its center, with a single-story porch running forward from that projection, supported by turned posts and balustrade. Behind the house stands a matching carriage house, which is gambrel-roofed and rests on a brick foundation. It has the same basic design features as the house.</p><br>
<p>The houses interior follows a side hall plan, with the hall on the buildings south side. To the northwest is a passage decorated with turned wood columns leading to the dining room and sitting room, with the parlor in the southwestern corner. A small study is located in the southeast, with the kitchen and pantry area to the northeast. The sitting room and parlor are decorated with distinctive stencilwork, dating to the early 20th century, in the cornices.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1890 by Joseph Cotton, although it was apparently not quite complete when he sold it in 1894. Cotton was locally notable as the owner of the Maine Manufacturing Company, a manufacturer of iceboxes. Cotton moved from Fairfield to Nashua, New Hampshire, selling the house to John Smith, a local carpenter. The house remained in the Smith family until 1983, when his daughter-in-law sold it to the Fairfield Historical Society. The society uses the property as a museum and for meetings and events.</p><br>
<p>The East Blue Hill Library is a public library at 9 Curtis Cove Road, in the village of East Blue Hill, Maine. It is located in an architecturally distinctive yet diminutive Craftsman building, designed by John W. Merrow and built in 1919–20, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The library is open four days a week.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>The early history of library services in East Blue Hill is obscure, starting (according to local lore) with an organization of "Willing Workers" that amassed a small collection of books. The campaign to build the present building was begun in 1914 with the acquisition of land, with major fundraising undertaken in 1917. The building, completed in 1920, is based on a design sketched by John W. Merrow, a New York City theatrical architect.</p><br>
<p>The building is a small single-story square wood frame structure, with a hip roof, granite foundation, weatherboard siding, and a stone chimney at one side. The main entrance (on the north facade) is sheltered by a porch, which has shingled posts and an elaborate framework supporting an eyelid-shaped roof. To the right of the porch is a bank of three six-over-one sash windows. The building&#39;s interior is roughly divided into three functional areas: at the entrance is a vestibule area, with a fireplaced reading room to the right, and a room of stacks behind. The stack room consists of floor-to-ceiling wooden shelving. All of the interior trim is painted except for the doors.</p><br>
